拒绝权视角下的无效行政行为  

Invalid Administrative Act from the Perspective of the Right to Refuse

作　　者：张青波[1] Zhang Qingbo

机构地区：[1]中南财经政法大学法学院

出　　处：《环球法律评论》2019年第3期69-85,共17页Global Law Review

基　　金：作者主持的2019年度中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助项目“行政行为司法审查的思维框架研究”(2722019PY010)的研究成果

摘　　要：《行政诉讼法》修改后,无效行政行为的事实构成及法律效果成为司法实践中亟待回答的问题。对此的回答,应在现行法规定的当事人拒绝权视角下展开,以无效行政行为涵括当事人可以行使拒绝权的各种行政行为,并依据拒绝权释明无效行政行为的法律效果。对"重大且明显违法"的解释表明,除了法律与司法解释列举的三种情形外,无效行政行为还包括:超越专属管辖并对当事人权益有重大影响的行政行为;明显缺乏事实根据并对当事人权益有重大影响的行政行为;要求或允许实施违法行为的行政行为;违背善良风俗的行政行为;明显违反法定程序并严重损害当事人权益的行政行为;未采取书面形式或书面未签章等重大且明显违法的行政行为。无效行政行为不仅难以获得法院强制执行,而且依据体系、立法者意志和客观目的的法律解释论述,无效行政行为的法律效果应为自始不生效并可由当事人不受期限限制地诉请法院判决确认。After the amendment of the Administrative Litigation Law,the premises and legal consequences of void administrative act have become an issue that urgently needs to be dealt with.This issue should be dealt with from the perspective of the right to refuse stipulated in existing laws: void administrative acts should include all administrative acts that may be refused and their legal consequences should be explained in light of this right.The interpretation of “material and apparent illegality” suggests that,apart from those enumerated by laws and judicial explanations,void administrative acts should also include: those that go beyond their exclusive compass;those which have no factual basis and significantly influences the rights or interests of the parties;those demanding or allowing the commitment of an illegal act;those against social morals;those which are obviously against legal procedures and seriously harm the rights and interests of the parties;those which are not in the requisite written form or without signature or official seal;and other administrative acts that are seriously and obviously unlawful.A void administrative act not only cannot be enforced by courts,but,according to relevant legal arguments,is also invalidity ex tunc,and a party can apply to a court for the ascertainment of such invalidity at any time.

关 键 词：无效行政行为 拒绝权 重大且明显违法 自始不生效 

分 类 号：D925.3[政治法律—诉讼法学]