黄昏与黎明的对话——丘特切夫的末日论思想  

The Dialogue between Dusk and Dawn:Tyutchev’s Doomsday Argument

作　　者：乔占元[1] Qiao Zhanyuan

机构地区：[1]烟台大学外国语学院

出　　处：《俄罗斯东欧中亚研究》2019年第3期113-128,157-158,共17页Russian，East European & Central Asian Studies

摘　　要：丘特切夫既是一位寻找通往宇宙永恒之路、具有形而上学幻觉的精神朝圣者,也是一位俄罗斯弥赛亚意识十分强烈的政论家。在他的诗学中,混乱与秩序、光明与黑暗、生与死的对立并不意味着彼此先验的断裂,而是对创造行为的链接:首先,泛神论和基督教信仰在他的宗教观中是并存的,他在必然性和创造性的双重碾压下宣泄末日论情绪并进行末日论思考。其次,他的象征死亡和混乱的深渊意象昭示的是宇宙秩序存在的基础以及人对于死亡的态度:作为宇宙的一部分,人的死亡是世界的大灾难,是世界聚变的末日论征兆;深渊是混乱无序和死亡的渊薮,也是统一、和谐和新生的摇篮;由启示录情绪引发的压抑不安,以及瞬间涌现的亘古悲凉和未来的希望是他末日论思想的核心所在。最后,他的历史哲学是基督教历史哲学,但是,由于狭隘的俄罗斯弥赛亚意识使然,他要终结的是欧洲而不是俄罗斯的历史进程,其以莫斯科为首都的第三罗马帝国是俄罗斯中心论的翻版,是敌基督降临的启示录,反映的是俄罗斯帝国在场的末日论。不过,他最终认识到在被客体化的世界里是建成不了天堂的,只有以爱、同情和怜悯才能使人类克服如影随形的末日论情绪。Tyutchev is not only a spiritual pilgrim with a metaphysical illusion who seeks the eternal path to the universe,but also a political commentator with a strong sense of Russian Messiah.In his poetics,there is no priori break between chaos and order,light and darkness,and life and death but a link to creative behavior.Firstly,pantheism and Christian faith could coexist in his religious views.He vents the doomsday sentiment and conducts his doomsday argument under the dual pressure of inevitability and creativity.Secondly,his image of the abyss symbolizes death and chaos and further reveals the foundation of the cosmic order and the attitude of human beings towards death:as part of the universe,death is the catastrophe of the world and the sign of the doomsday;the abyss is the chaos,the demise of death as well as the cradle of unity,harmony and new life.From this perspective,the repression caused by the emotions of Revelation,and the eternal sorrow and hope of the future are the core argument of his doomsday theory.Finally,his historical philosophy is the Christian historical philosophy.However,due to the narrow Russian Messianic consciousness,he aims to end the historical process of Europe rather than Russia.His thought of the third Roman Empire is a replica of the Russian centralism,a revelation of the coming of the Antichrist and a scene of the doomsday with the presence of the Russian Empire.But at last,he realizes that heaven could not be built in the world of being objectified.Only love,sympathy and compassion can make mankind overcome the shadow-like doomsday sentiment.

关 键 词：丘特切夫 形而上学 末日论 基督教历史哲学 

分 类 号：D091[政治法律—政治学]