美国、日本高端人才流动国际化机制研究  

The Mobility of High-level Talents in a Global Perspective: A Comparative Study of Internationalization Mechanisms for Post-doctorates in USA and Japan

作　　者：陈峥 李函颖[2] CHEN Zheng;LI Hanying

机构地区：[1]武汉大学社会学系,湖北武汉430072 [2]华中科技大学教育科学研究院,湖北武汉430074

出　　处：《高教发展与评估》2019年第3期57-73,I0006,共18页Higher Education Development and Evaluation

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学研究青年基金项目“美国大学教师晋升评价的正式规则与非正式规则”(16YJC880029)

摘　　要：美国与日本的外籍博士后数量高于本土博士后数量,主要分布在自然科学类,其次是医学与工程。高端人才的引进规模大于走出。美国之所以成为全球青年才俊的聚集地,仰赖以美国梦为起点、移民政策为筛选机制、国家利益为推手、教育文化交流为保障的人才输入机制;其人才输出机制则依托于政府财政支持与私有基金会,透过设立各种项目选拔人才赴他国交流。作为世界第三大经济体的日本,进入21世纪后受经济增长放缓的制约,政府开始加大高端人才的引进力度,加之其崇洋的基本国策,形成了由官方主导、自上而下且优先指向欧美的高端人才国际化机制。高端人才流动的影响因素,即人口规模与结构、国家利益、综合国力。中国现阶段应打造理工科以引进来为主、人文社会科学以走出去、引进来双管齐下的具有中国特色的高端人才交流模式,以竞争与交流实现中国博士后人力资本的增值。In USA and Japan, the number of foreign post-doctorates is higher than that of the domestic post-doctorates, and the foreign post-doctorates mainly distributed in the natural sciences, followed by medicine and engineering. Under the control of the central government, the import of high-level talents in scale is bigger than the export. The United States has become young talents' i- deal destination largely owing to its talent-import mechanism, which takes the American dream as the starting point, immigration policy as screening mechanism, national interests as the architect, and education and cultural exchanges as guarantee. In addition, the talent-export mechanism mainly relies on the financial support of the government and private foundation, through which all sorts of projects selecting talents to other countries are established. As the world's third largest economy, Japan has been affected by the slowdown in economic growth in early twenty-first Century, and the government begins to strengthen the efforts to introduce high-level talents. In addition to the basic national policy of Westernization, Japan has formed a government-led, top-down, Europe and the United States-preferred internationalization mechanism for high-level talents. Thus, the factors which could have effect on the mobility of high-level talents can be extracted, namely, the size and structure of the population, national interests and the comprehensive national strength. At the present stage, China should establish a high-level talents exchange mode with Chinese characteristics, which focuses on import in science and technology, and export and import in humanities and social sciences to add value on human capital of domestic post-doctorates through competition and communication.

关 键 词：高端人才 博士后 人才国际化 教育科研机制 人才流动 

分 类 号：G643[文化科学—高等教育学]