耶稣会士地图中的晚明社会与风俗  

Social Investigations and Map Descriptions of the Late Ming Dynasty in European Jesuits’ Cartography

作　　者：郭亮[1,2] Guo Liang

机构地区：[1]上海大学 [2]上海美术学院

出　　处：《国际汉学》2019年第2期67-77,204,共12页International Sinology

基　　金：国家社科基金项目“晚明以来的海图与疆域策略考述”(项目号:15BZS105)的阶段性成果

摘　　要：晚明时期,欧洲耶稣会传教士在中国创造了制图的经典案例,而在欧洲出版的中国地图也在图示中增加了前所未有的内容,尤其是欧洲人眼中的明朝社会文化、风俗场景、人物形象以及地理风景,它们与地图集的文本描述、观察和描绘方式之间建立起一种有趣的图像关联。荷兰出版的卫匡国的《中国新地图集》是典型的佛兰芒地图学派风格,地图生动地呈现出具有仪式感的明朝风俗场景,将大范围的地理空间与固定视角的写实主义图绘并置在一起,试图在欧洲绘画与地图的鉴赏传统,"异国情调"、明朝社会风貌与绘画之间谋求微妙的平衡。卫匡国地图是欧洲对明代中国深入了解的开始,它的描绘方式与地图文本叙述相得益彰,深刻影响了后来欧洲人在文本中描绘中国的表现方式。In the late Ming Dynasty,European Jesuit missionaries created a classic case of cartography for China.However,the missionary maps published in Europe added unprecedented contents to the graphics.Especially in the eyes of Europeans,the expression of Ming Dynasty’s social culture,scenes of customs,descriptions of Chinese people,and geographical landscapes established an interesting relationship in the atlas between the textual description,observation and manner of depiction in the atlas.Martino Martini’s New Atlas of China published in the Netherlands uses the typical style of the Flemish cartographic school.It vividly presents the ritual scenes of Ming people in the map,juxtaposesa wide range of geographical space with the fixed perspective of realistic painting,trying to strike a delicate balance between the tradition of appreciation of European paintings and maps and the exotic Ming social landscape and sense of painting.The map of Martino Martini was the beginning of Europe’s deep understanding of China in the Ming Dynasty.Its descriptions complemented each other with the description of map texts,which has deeply influenced the way Europeans describe China in their texts.

关 键 词：卫匡国 《中国新地图集》 地图 制图学 晚明图像 风俗场景 

分 类 号：K992.6[历史地理—人文地理学]