司法鉴定制度变迁四十年及其改革趋势  

Evolution of judicial expertise system in the past 40 years and its reform trend

作　　者：陈如超[1,2] 陈鲜瑜 Chen ruchao;Chen xianyu(Southwest University of Political Science and Law,Chongqing 401120;Chongqin Forensic Science Key Laboratory for Higher Education,Chongqing 401120)

机构地区：[1]西南政法大学,重庆401120 [2]重庆高校市级刑事科学技术重点实验室,重庆401120

出　　处：《证据科学》2019年第3期333-346,共14页Evidence Science

基　　金：国家重点研究计划“全流程管控的精细化执行技术及装备研究”(2018YFC0830400);重庆市教委人文社会科学研究项目“司法鉴定体系化风险及其管控机制”(19SKGH013)的阶段性成果

摘　　要：从1979年至今,我国司法鉴定经历了四十余年的制度变迁历程。1979年《中华人民共和国刑事诉讼法》塑造的刑事司法鉴定格局,至今依然保留了侦鉴混同与司法鉴定的国家垄断主义等权力性特征;而1982年《中华人民共和国民事诉讼法(试行)》奠定的民事司法鉴定的制度框架,则逐渐从权力型鉴定过度到司法鉴定辅助法官断案与维护当事人合法权益的双重功能局面。从整体而言,我国司法鉴定制度、特别是刑事司法鉴定制度需要根据当前诉讼制度改革的宏大背景进行相应调整。调整的趋势主要包括:不断强化司法鉴定的权利属性,以及继续弱化司法鉴定的权力色彩,实现当事人权利对公检法机关鉴定权力的有效制约;实现司法鉴定意见庭审质证的实质化;加强鉴定人权利与责任的体系化与匹配性。From 1979, China's judicial expertise has gone through more than 40 years of institutional change. The pattern of criminal judicial expertise created by the Criminal Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China in 1979 still retains the characteristics of power such as state monopoly in investigation and verification and judicial expertise. The system frame of civil judicial expertise laid down in the Civil Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China (for Trial Implementation) in 1982 gradually changed from the over-power of expert testimony to the dual function of judicial expertise assistant judge in judging cases and safeguarding the lawful rights and interests of parties. As a whole, China's judicial expertise system, especially the criminal judicial expertise system, needs to be adjusted according to the grand background of the current reform of procedural system. The general trend of the adjustment mainly includes: continuously strengthening the right of judicial expertise whereas weakening the power of judicial expertise, thus to chase effective restriction of the rights of the parties on the authentication power of the public prosecutor's office;the realization of the substantiality of the court examination of the judicial expertise opinion;strengthen the matching of appraiser's right and responsibility system.

关 键 词：司法鉴定 制度变迁 民事司法鉴定 刑事司法鉴定 

分 类 号：D915.13[政治法律—诉讼法学]