The critical stage for inducing oviparity and embryonic diapause in parthenogenetic Artemia(Crustacea: Anostraca): an experimental study  

作　　者：WANG Zhichao Alireza ASEM Robert K. OKAZAKI SUN Shichun 

机构地区：[1]Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity,Ocean University of China,Qingdao 266003,China [2]College of Life Science,Tarim University,Alar 843300,China [3]School of Life Science and Ecology,Hainan Tropical Ocean University,Sanya 572022,China [4]Department of Zoology,Weber State University,1415 Edvalson Street,Dept 2505,Ogden,UT 84408-2505,USA

出　　处：《Journal of Oceanology and Limnology》2019年第5期1669-1677,共9页海洋湖沼学报（英文）

基　　金：Supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.201762017);the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31760626)

摘　　要：The brine shrimp Artemia exhibits two reproductive modes: 1) oviparity, producing diapause embryos;and 2) ovoviviparity, producing free-swimming nauplii. Previous studies have suggested the existence of a critical stage that determines the reproductive mode. Physicochemical factors, such as photoperiod, temperature, and salinity, have been suggested to irreversibly aff ect the reproductive mode of oocytes during this critical stage. In this study, experiments were carried out using a photoperiod and temperature-sensitive parthenogenetic Artemia clone where maternal Artemia were shifted bidirectionally between ovoviviparity (18 h L:6 h D, 27℃) and oviparity (6 h L:18 h D, 19℃) culture conditions. In the main experiment ( Artemia shifted at six diff erent stages including the post-larva Ⅱ to adult Ⅱ), the reproductive mode of fi rst brood was converted when shifting was performed on post-larva Ⅱ and Ⅲ but was not converted when females were shifted after post-larva Ⅲ. A supplementary experiment further revealed that the reproductive mode of fi rst brood could be altered when shifting females at an "early phase of postlarva Ⅳ", characterized by a developing ovisac reaching the middle of the third abdominal segment, ventral spines, and some oocytes growing larger than the others. In both experiments, reproductive modes of the second brood were signifi cantly aff ected when the shifting was performed on post-larva Ⅳ. These results suggest that the critical stage for inducing oviparity and embryonic diapause is at the previtellogenic stage of oocytes, or at maternal "early phase of post-larva Ⅳ" for the first-brood off spring. During this stage, diff erential gene expression patterns of the two destined oocytes may be triggered by the token stimuli signals received by the oocytes.The brine shrimp Artemia exhibits two reproductive modes:1)oviparity,producing diapause embryos;and 2)ovoviviparity,producing free-swimming nauplii.Previous studies have suggested the existence of a critical stage that determines the reproductive mode.Physicochemical factors,such as photoperiod,temperature,and salinity,have been suggested to irreversibly affect the reproductive mode of oocytes during this critical stage.In this study,experiments were carried out using a photoperiod and temperature-sensitive parthenogenetic Artemia clone where maternal Artemia were shifted bidirectionally between ovoviviparity(18 h L:6 h D,27℃)and oviparity(6 h L:18 h D,19℃)culture conditions.In the main experiment(Artemia shifted at six different stages including the post-larva Ⅱ to adult Ⅱ),the reproductive mode of first brood was converted when shifting was performed on post-larva II and III but was not converted when females were shifted after post-larva Ⅲ.A supplementary experiment further revealed that the reproductive mode of first brood could be altered when shifting females at an "early phase of postlarva Ⅳ",characterized by a developing ovisac reaching the middle of the third abdominal segment,ventral spines,and some oocytes growing larger than the others.In both experiments,reproductive modes of the second brood were significantly affected when the shifting was performed on post-larva Ⅳ.These results suggest that the critical stage for inducing oviparity and embryonic diapause is at the previtellogenic stage of oocytes,or at maternal "early phase of post-larva Ⅳ" for the first-brood offspring.During this stage,differential gene expression patterns of the two destined oocytes may be triggered by the token stimuli signals received by the oocytes.

关 键 词：ARTEMIA reproduction mode environmental factors diapause CRITICAL STAGE ANOSTRACA 

分 类 号：P[天文地球]