历史视域中的朝鲜书院及其“突出的普遍价值”——韩国书院申遗问题刍议  

Korean Academies and Its "Outstanding Universal Value" in Historical Perspective——Reflections on the Application of South Korean Academies for World Cultural Heritage

作　　者：邓洪波[1] 赵伟[1] DENG Hongbo;ZHAO Wei

机构地区：[1]湖南大学岳麓书院,长沙410082

出　　处：《大学教育科学》2019年第4期59-65,126,共8页University Education Science

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目“中国书院文献整理与研究”(15ZDB036)

摘　　要：书院源出中国,是东亚儒家文明的重要载体,有1200余年历史。中国书院从明代开始移植国外,第一站即是“东国”朝鲜。朝鲜祭祀与讲学并重的“正轨书院”基本参照中国的书院制度,南宋的朱熹与白鹿洞书院是其重点仿效的典范。朝鲜书院在其发展过程中形成了自身的特色,但放到东亚书院这一历史视域来看,这只是一种地域性特色,并不意味着它可以区别于东亚其他书院而自成一系。因此,仅是韩国的9所书院去申请世界文化遗产时,其“突出的普遍价值”不能过分夸大。韩国一家既不能反映李氏朝鲜书院的全貌,也不能体现东亚儒家书院的整体特征。中韩朝日书院联合申遗,才更符合东亚书院实际的历史状况。The academy(书院),as a type of educational institution,was formed in the Tang Dynasty(618-907).Over the past 1200 years,it has made great contributions to China's education,academic research,collection of books,publishing,architecture,folk customs,thinking habits and ethical concepts.With the spread of Chinese culture,the academy institution began to be transplanted abroad in the Ming dynasty(1368-1644).The fi rst stop was the "East Country" Joseon Dynasty(朝鲜王朝),which is adjacent to China across the Yellow Sea and Yalu River.It was later introduced to Japan,Vietnam,Malaysia,Singapore and even Europe and America,becoming the bond and bridge of cultural exchange between China and foreign countries.Scholars generally regard the beginning of the reign of King Sejong(世宗大王) of the Joseon Dynasty as the starting point of the history of the Korean academies.In general,the Korean academies has two sources,temple and private study(书斋),which seem to have no connection with China and occur independently.Subsequently,under the advocate of Li Huang(李滉),the Chinese academy institution was comprehensively introduced,the concept of "Right Track Academy"(正轨书院) with sacrifi cial and lecturing functions was formed.Then,Korean academies were built everywhere,and achieved brilliant achievements.There were 670 "Right Track Academies",including 14 types,such as ciyu(祠宇),ci(祠),yingtang(影堂),bieci(别祠),jingshe(精舍),lishe(里社),lici(里祠),yingdian(影殿),temple,xiangshe(乡社),xiangci(乡祠),tangyu(堂宇),academy,etc.However,only 376 of them are called academy,accounting for 56.1% of the total.The Korean academies has a history of more than 450 years.This period coincides with the Joseon Dynasty (1392-1910).Therefore,the history of the Korean academies is actually the history of the Joseon Dynasty.Zhu Xi and Bailudong Academy are the spiritual flags of the East Asian academies,which influenced the development of the Korean academies.The development of the Korean academies is a produc

关 键 词：东亚文明 世界文化遗产 古代书院 东亚书院 朝鲜书院 韩国书院 

分 类 号：G519.31[文化科学—教育学]