施氮量对冬小麦产量、品质和土壤氮素平衡的影响  

Effects of nitrogen application rate on yield, quality and soil nitrogen balance of winter wheat

作　　者：吕敏娟 陈帅 辛思颖 佟丙辛 王释强 薛澄[1] 马文奇[1] 魏静[1] LV Minjuan;CHEN Shuai;XIN Siying;TONG Bingxin;WANG Shiqiang;XUE Cheng;MA Wenqi;WEI Jing(College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000,China)

机构地区：[1]河北农业大学资源与环境科学学院

出　　处：《河北农业大学学报》2019年第4期9-15,共7页Journal of Hebei Agricultural University

基　　金：“十三五”国家重点研发计划项目（2016YFD0200403）

摘　　要：以冬小麦‘衡4399'、‘藁优2018'为研究对象,于河北正定设置不同施氮处理(No、N158、N225、N270和N293),研究施氮量与冬小麦产量、品质(蛋白质含量)及土壤氮素表观盈亏量的关系,构建基于环境和粮食安全的氮素投入阈值。结果表明:在施氮量225 kg N/hm2处理时,冬小麦产量最大,继续增加施氮量,产量有下降趋势;在施氮量270 kg N/hm2处理时蛋白质含量最高,随后趋于稳定且表现出降低的趋势;不同处理0~200 cm土壤硝态氮累积量随施氮量增加而增加,且第二季冬小麦累积峰有垂直向下运移的趋势;各处理0~90 cm氮素表观盈亏量随施氮量增加而增加,且各施氮处理均表现为盈余。因此,在综合保障冬小麦高产、高经济效益和低土壤氮素损失前提下,研究区两季冬小麦氮素投入阈值分别为149.9~255.6 kg N/hm2和237.9~260.0 kg N/hm2,而综合考虑冬小麦高产与优质,研究区两季冬小麦氮素投入阈值分别为255.6~300.0 kg N/hm2和260.0~305.0 kg N/hm2。可见,不同小麦品种的产量和品质对氮素供应的响应存在较大差异,强筋小麦的品质形成对于氮素需求较高,将小麦品质加入到评价指标后提出的氮素投入阈值普遍偏高,过高的氮素投入会导致肥料利用率降低且环境污染风险增加。Field experiments were conducted in Hebei Province with two winter wheat cultivars (Heng 4399) and (Gaoyou 2018) to investigate effects of different nitrogen (N) fertilization rates (N0, N158, N225, N270 and N293) on grain yield, quality (grain protein content) and soil apparent N surplus and their correlations. Furthermore, the thresholds of N fertilizer inputs were established considering aspects of environmental quality as well as wheat yield and quality. Results showed that the winter wheat yield was the largest while the nitrogen application rate was 225 kg N/hm2, and had a downward trend when continuing to increase the amount of nitrogen. The protein content was highest at the treatment of 270 kg N/hm2, then stabilized and showed a decreasing trend. Moreover, both the accumulation of nitrate-N in 0-200 cm soil layers and the apparent N surplus in 0-90 cm soil layers were enhanced with the increase of N application, and the accumulation peak of winter wheat in the second season had a tendency to migrate vertically downwards. Therefore, under the premise of comprehensively ensuring high yield, high economic benefit and low soil N loss of winter wheat, the N input thresholds of winter wheat in the two seasons of the study area should be 149.9-255.6 and 237.9-260.0 kg N/hm2, respectively. While considering the high yield of winter wheat and high quality, the N input thresholds of winter wheat in the two seasons of the study area should be 255.6-300.0 and 260.0- 305.0 kg N/hm2, respectively. The yield and quality of different wheat varieties had great differences in response to N supply. The quality of strong gluten wheat had higher demand for N. The N input threshold was generally higher after adding wheat quality to the evaluation index, and high nitrogen inputs could result in reduced fertilizer utilization and increased risk of environmental pollution.

关 键 词：施氮量 产量 蛋白质含量 氮素盈亏量 

分 类 号：S512.11[农业科学—作物学]