中国马铃薯病虫害发生情况与农药使用现状  

Status of Major Diseases and Insect Pests of Potato and Pesticide Usage in China

作　　者：徐进[1] 朱杰华[2] 杨艳丽[3] 汤浩[4] 吕和平[5] 樊明寿[6] 石瑛[7] 董道峰 王贵江[9] 王万兴[10] 熊兴耀[10] 高玉林[1,11] XU Jin;ZHU JieHua;YANG YanLi;TANG Hao;Lü HePing;FAN MingShou;SHI Ying;DONG DaoFeng;WANG GuiJiang;WANG WanXing;XIONG XingYao;GAO YuLin(State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193;Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081;National Center of Excellence for Tuber and Root Crop Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081;College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, Hebei;College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201;Crop Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350013;Institute of Potato, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730070;College of Agronomy, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019;College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030;Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ji'nan 250100;Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086)

机构地区：[1]中国农业科学院植物保护研究所植物病虫害生物学国家重点实验室,北京100193 [10]中国农业科学院蔬菜花卉研究所,北京100081 [11]中国农业科学院国家薯类作物研究中心,北京100081 [2]河北农业大学植物保护学院,河北保定071000 [3]云南农业大学植物保护学院,昆明650201 [4]福建省农业科学院作物研究所,福州350013 [5]甘肃省农业科学院马铃薯研究所,兰州730070 [6]内蒙古农业大学农学院,呼和浩特010019 [7]东北农业大学农学院,哈尔滨150030 [8]山东省农业科学院蔬菜花卉研究所,济南250100 [9]黑龙江省农业科学院,哈尔滨150086

出　　处：《中国农业科学》2019年第16期2800-2808,共9页Scientia Agricultura Sinica

基　　金：国家重点研发计划(2018YFD02008)

摘　　要：作为继水稻、玉米和小麦之后的第四大主粮作物,马铃薯在保障我国粮食安全、精准扶贫、种植业结构调整以及农业产业转型升级中发挥着至关重要的作用。我国马铃薯的种植面积和总产量均位居世界首位,但单产水平因病虫害等瓶颈因素的制约低于世界平均水平。在国家重点研发项目的资助下,项目组在马铃薯六大优势产区开展了有害生物疫情监测和农药使用现状普查工作。明确了我国马铃薯生产上的主要病虫害共计27种,提出以晚疫病、早疫病、黑痣病、枯萎病、黑胫病、疮痂病、金针虫、蛴螬、二十八星瓢虫、马铃薯块茎蛾、蚜虫、蓟马等"六病六虫"为重点防控对象,根据各区域情况兼顾青枯病、环腐病、黄萎病、粉痂病等病虫害的防控。探明了我国马铃薯单位面积农药施用次数和施用量分别为17次和40.03 kg·hm^-2,高于全国平均水平的4.16次和3.49 kg·hm^-2。马铃薯现有农药登记产品防治对象的覆盖范围严重不足,青枯病、疮痂病、粉痂病等重要病虫害面临无登记农药可用的窘境。在农药减施策略方面,提出践行有害生物综合治理方针。建立马铃薯病虫害监测预警和早期精确诊断技术体系,为制定科学防控策略,适时精准施药奠定基础。选育推广抗病、虫品种,优化品种布局。适时播种、合理间套作,从时空两个维度阻隔规避马铃薯有害生物的侵染。种薯源头管控,完善种薯认证监管体系。扩大合格脱毒种薯的应用面积,大力推广种薯处理技术。研发推广化学农药高效施用技术与绿色防控替代技术是实现马铃薯化学农药减施的核心驱动。As the fourth important staple crop just after rice, maize and wheat, potato plays a crucial role in food security,poverty alleviation, cropping structure adjustment and transformation and updating of agriculture in China. The total harvested area and production of potato in China rank first in the world. However, the yield is much lower than the average level of the world due to a variety of diseases and insect pests of potato. With the support of National Key Research and Development Program of China, the major diseases and insect pests as well as pesticide use in potato production were surveyed in the six main production areas.Twenty-seven major potato pests were found in China. Six diseases(i.e. late blight, early blight, black scurf, Fusarium wilt, potato black leg and potato common scab) and six insect pests(i.e. wireworms, chafer grubs, aphids, twenty-eight spot lady beetle, potato tuber moth and thrips) were proposed to be listed as the most important management target in all the production areas. Moreover,more attention should be paid to prevent and control of bacterial wilt, ring rot and powdery scab. On the basis of census data, the average number of pesticide application and usage per unit area of potato in China were 17 and 40.03 kg·hm^-2, which were higher than the national average level of 4.16 and 3.49 kg·hm^-2. The control target of current registered pesticides did not cover many increasingly severe potato pests, such as bacterial wilt, common scab, powdery scab, and so on. Adoption and spread of integrated pest management(IPM) were proposed to be the most important strategy for reducing pesticide use and costs in potato production.To make scientific pest-management and pesticide reduction strategy, a potato pest early warning system should be developed based on rapid, sensitive and reliable detection and monitoring method. As host plant resistance is the economically feasible options for pests managing, it is important to improve potato resistant variety breeding and application, optimize var

关 键 词：马铃薯 病虫害 农药减施 

分 类 号：S435.32[农业科学—农业昆虫与害虫防治]