铜陵、南陵地区古铜矿冶遗址炉渣的科技研究  

Study on the Slags from the Sites of Mining and Smelting in Tongling and Nanling Region

作　　者：魏国锋[1] 郑晓平 秦颍[3] 张爱冰[1] 方青 王东明 崔彪[6] WEI Guo-feng;ZHENG Xiao-ping;QIN Ying;ZHANG Ai-bing;FANG Qing;WANG Dong-ming;CUI Biao(Department of History,Anhui University,Hefei 230039,China;Wenzhou Municipal Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology,Wenzhou 325000,China;Department for the History of Science and Scientific Archaeology,University of Science and Technology of China,Hefei 230026,China;Tongling Museum,Tongling 244000,China;Cultural Relic Management Institute of Nanling County,Nanling 242400,China;Zhejiang Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology,Hangzhou 310014,China)

机构地区：[1]安徽大学历史系,安徽合肥230039 [2]温州市文物保护考古所,浙江温州325000 [3]中国科学技术大学科技史与科技考古系,安徽合肥230026 [4]铜陵市博物馆,安徽铜陵244000 [5]南陵县文物管理所,安徽南陵242400 [6]浙江省文物考古研究所,浙江杭州310014

出　　处：《光谱学与光谱分析》2019年第11期3629-3636,共8页Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目(17ZDA222)资助

摘　　要：安徽铜陵、南陵地区铜矿资源丰富,古代矿冶遗址数量众多,最早可追溯至二里头文化时期。各遗址遍地分布的炉渣、炉壁等矿冶遗物,为研究中国早期的铜矿冶炼技术提供了大量的实物资料。本工作采用X射线衍射分析(XRD)、X射线荧光分析(XRF)和扫描电镜能谱分析(SEM-EDS)等多种技术手段,对安徽铜陵、南陵地区古铜矿冶遗址的炉渣样品进行检测分析,以了解该地区早期的铜矿冶炼技术。XRD分析结果显示,所检测炉渣样品的物相以铁橄榄石、辉石、钙铁辉石为主,伴有石英、方石英、磁铁矿等矿物,符合炼铜渣的物相特征。根据炉渣的SiO2,CaO和Fe2O3的含量,可将51个炉渣样品分为三大类:Ⅰ类炉渣、Ⅱ类炉渣和Ⅲ类炉渣。其中,Ⅰ类炉渣钙、硅、铁含量较高,其CaO含量远高于Ⅱ类和Ⅲ类炉渣,为铁硅钙系。相较而言,Ⅱ类炉渣为高铁系,其Fe2O3含量明显高于Ⅰ类和Ⅲ类炉渣;Ⅲ类炉渣为高硅系,其SiO2含量较高,钙、铁含量较低。所有炉渣样品的铁含量均高于普通熔炼渣,结合其物相分析结果,可推测全部炉渣为冶炼渣。Ⅰ类、Ⅱ类炉渣的Ca和Fe含量呈现很强的负相关性,且波动范围很大,显示二者的含量并非人工调控,更可能是来自矿石中的天然成分。据此可以推测,本地区的早期工匠可能尚未认识到含钙和含铁助熔剂的作用,没有掌握不同类型铜矿石的配矿技术。SEM-EDS的分析结果表明,炉渣中的金属颗粒夹杂以冰铜、红铜和砷铜为主,表明该地区同时存在红铜和砷铜的冶炼活动。不同品位的冰铜颗粒大多来自不同遗址,尚没有在同一遗址发现较多品位依次升高的冰铜颗粒,因而难以确认冰铜熔炼环节的存在,不能证明上述遗址是否已采用了“硫化铜矿-冰铜-铜”的冶炼技术。所发现的冰铜颗粒,可能是采用硫化铜矿死焙烧工艺或混合矿原料冶炼的结果。铜陵夏家墩遗址炉渣Tongling and Nanling region is abundant in copper ore resources.From the 1980s,a large number of the sites of mining and smelting have been found in this region,the earliest of which could date back to the Erlitou period.Slags,furnace walls and other smelting remains from the sites of mining and smelting provided a good deal of archaeological materials for the study of the smelting technology of copper ore in ancient China.Slag samples collected from the smelting sites in Tongling and Nanling region,Anhui Province were analyzed by means of X-ray diffractometer(XRD),X-ray fluorescence spectrometer(XRF)and scanning electron microscope with energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer(SEM-EDS)to understand the smelting process of copper ore.The results of XRD showed that the main phase compositions in the slag samples included fayalite,augite and hedenbergite, accompanied with quartz,cristobalite and magnetite,et al.,which corresponded with the phase characteristics of copper smelting slag.From the contents of SiO2,CaO and Fe2O3,all slag samples were divided into three groups:TypeⅠ,TypeⅡ and TypeⅢ.The TypeⅠ was Iron-Silicon-Calcium slag,which was high in the contents of calcium,iron and silicon.The calcium contents of the TypeⅠslag were much higher than those of the TypeⅡand the TypeⅢslag.The TypeⅡ was iron-rich slag,and its Fe2O3contents were higher than those of the TypeⅠand the TypeⅢslags.The TypeⅢ was silicon-rich slag which was higher in SiO2contents and lower in the calcium and iron contents.The Fe2O3contentsin all slags were higher than the common melting slags.Combined with the results of XRD,it was concluded that all slag samples are from the smelting process of copper ores.Calcium and iron levels in the TypeⅠand TypeⅡslags vary obviously and show the significant negative correlation,which indicated that calcium and iron in the slags was not controlled artificially and it is very possible that the calcium and iron in the slags were from the copper ores.Based on the contents of calcium and

关 键 词：矿冶遗址 炉渣 冶炼技术 铜陵 

分 类 号：K854[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学]