公共卫生突发事件的沟通策略与影响——2015年北京某大厦麻疹事件与美国迪士尼麻疹事件对比分析  

“Building X Measles Outbreak” and “Disneyland Measles Outbreak”——A comparative analysis of public health emergency response strategies in China and US

作　　者：Miguel A.Salazar 张颖[1] 胡晓江[1] 李远香 彭向东[1] 韩自强 Miguel A.Salazar;Zhang Ying;Hu Xiaojiang;Li Yuanxiang;Peng Xiangdong;Han Ziqiang

机构地区：[1]北京师范大学社会发展与公共政策学院 [2]山东大学政治学与公共管理学院

出　　处：《风险灾害危机研究》2019年第1期239-256,共18页Journal of Risk, Disaster & Crisis Research

基　　金：国家自然科学基金“预防接种异常反应:风险的社会扩大和社会管理”(项目编号:71373027);中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助

摘　　要：政府不同的危机沟通策略会影响公共卫生突发事件的发展和社会效果。本文使用公开数据,对比同样发生在2015年1月的美国“迪士尼麻疹事件”与北京“某大厦麻疹事件”,分析两国在应对公共卫生危机时的危机沟通策略及其社会影响的差异性。两起麻疹暴发事件发生时间接近,发生场所类似,发生原因相同,并造成了相似规模的感染病例。但是两国的危机应对策略显著不同,美国是大力宣传“小题大做”,中国则通过强调“可防可控”尽力大事化小,迅速平息疫情。在短期效果上,两种策略都可以成功平息具体的疫情暴发;但在长期效果上,“小题大做”策略更能够引导公众的认知、推进政策法律的完善、深化学术研究,因而能更有效预防公共卫生突发事件的再次发生。建议:危机应对策略在处理短期危机时,也应该重视长远效果。Different government crisis response strategies will affect the development and social impact of public health emergency events.Using public data,this article compares the“Disneyland measles outbreak”in California in the US,with the“Building X measles outbreak”in Beijing,and analyzes the effectiveness and impact of different public health crisis response strategies in the two countries.The two measles outbreaks occurred in the same month,January 2015,in similar public spaces,by similar causes,and resulted in similar scale of measles outbreaks.But the two countries strategies were markedly different.In essence,the US strategy was to“make small things big”by using the public reaction as a source of publicity,and leverage to introduce measures that will help prevent future occurrences.The Chinese strategy was to avoid social panic by reassuring the public that the outbreak was“contained and under control”,and acting very fast to control it.Comparing the aftermath of the two incidents,the evidence shows that while the Chinese strategy was more effective in the short term,the US strategy was more effective in the long term,as the public debate surrounding the incident did change the attitude of the public,promoted the passing of new policies and laws,and served as a fruitful case study for academic research.The paper suggests that crisis response strategies should consider using the best of both styles,by acting decisively to control outbreaks,while letting public debate on the issue serve as a catalyst for long-term change.

关 键 词：公共卫生危机 麻疹疫情 危机沟通 社会影响 

分 类 号：R51[医药卫生—内科学]