强化豆科作物在北方现代农业结构中的作用  

Strengthening the proportion and role of leguminous crops in the modern agricultural structure of Northern China

作　　者：王建国[1] 张佳蕾[1] 郭峰[1] 耿耘[1] 杨莎[1] 孟静静[1] 唐朝辉[1] 李新国[1] 万书波[1] WANG Jian-guo;ZHANG Jia-lei;GUO Feng;GENG Yun;YANG Sha;MENG Jing-jing;TANG Zhao-hui;LI Xin-guo;WAN Shu-bo(Biotechnology Research Center,Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Jinan 250100,China)

机构地区：[1]山东省农业科学院生物技术研究中心

出　　处：《中国油料作物学报》2019年第5期663-669,共7页Chinese Journal of Oil Crop Sciences

基　　金：国家重点研发计划资助(2018YFD0201000);山东省重大科技创新工程项目(2018YFJH0601);山东省农业科学院创新工程(CXGC2018D04,CXGC2018E13);现代农业产业技术体系建设专项资金(CARS-13)

摘　　要：针对我国日趋严峻的粮油安全形势,近年来《中央一号文件》对农业种植结构进行了全面的、科学的调整:“生产上重点是保口粮,油料重点发展油菜和花生;东北地区扩种大豆杂粮薯类和饲草作物,构建合理轮作制度;黄淮海地区重点是扩种花生、大豆和饲草作物”。以豆科作物为主体的北方现代农业种植制度对保障粮油安全生产、饲草的供应以及农民增收具有重大意义。首先,从生产布局看,北方区域(东北、西北及黄淮海)是油料作物大豆、花生、杂豆以及饲草作物苜蓿的主要产区。其中,大豆种植面积和产量分别约占全国68%和66%、花生分别占全国的63%和70%。其次,从豆科作物的生态效益来看,可实现用地与养地相结合、充分利用生态位优势、提高资源利用率。目前,北方豆科作物种植模式主要有:单作、间套作(玉米‖大豆、花生,玉米‖蚕豆、玉米‖豌豆等)、轮作(大豆-冬小麦,夏花生-冬小麦,绿豆-冬小麦等)等生态友好型耕作制度。其中,玉米‖大豆、花生宽幅间作是农业部在黄淮海区域主要推广模式,具有经济、社会、生态效益,能有效缓解“粮油争地、人畜争粮”矛盾,大幅提高粮油综合生产能力。通过加大国家农业政策调控,培育和推广大豆和花生耐阴、抗旱、高产及玉米矮秆、抗旱、高产新品种,提高农业全程机械化水平和科技服务效率等措施,进一步提高农民生产积极性,强化豆科作物在北方现代农业结构中的比重和作用。The situation of food security and oil security in our country is becoming more severe.In response to the situation,our government successively issued“No.1 Central Document”(2007 to the present)to make a compre hensive and scientific adjustment of agricultural planting system.For example,grain production is the emphasis for agriculture and the oil crop mainly focuses on the development of rape and peanuts.Soybeans grain and forage crops will be planted in more area in the Northeast region,and a reasonable rotation system should be constructed.Pea nuts,soybeans and forage crops will be planted in more area in Huang-Huai-Hai area.As main planting region,the north modern agricultural planting system with leguminous crops has great social meaning to guarantee the safety of grains and oil production,the supply of forage grass and the higher farmers income.The northern region,including northeast,northwest and Huang-Huai-Hai river region,has been the main producing area for peanut,soybean,mis cellaneous bean and forage crop alfalfa,among which the area and production of soybean accounted for 68%and 66%of the country respectively,the area and production of peanut accounted for about 63%and 70%of the coun try,respectively.The ecological benefits of leguminous crops achieved the combination of land use and rearing,made full use of ecological niche advantages and improved high resource utilization.The North modern agricultural planting system of leguminous crops have many patterns,such as single cropping,intercropping including corn‖soybean or peanut,fava bean‖maize,pea‖maize and rotation including winter wheat-soybean or peanut,mung bean-winter wheat or eco-friendly farming system.At present,corn‖leguminous crops intercropping are the main promotion modes in Huang-Huai-Hai area,which have the economic,social and ecological benefits and can effec tively alleviate the conflicts between grain and oil,land for livestock and grain,which can further improve agricultur al comprehensive productivity.In future,the gover

关 键 词：粮油安全 农业结构 种植制度 豆科作物 玉米‖花生 

分 类 号：S55[农业科学—作物学]