青藏高原河流输沙量变化与影响  

Variation and Influence of Riverine Sediment Transport from Tibetan Plateau, China

作　　者：张凡[1,2] 史晓楠[1,2] 曾辰 王冠星[1] 陈瑶[1] 王莉 张宏波 余钟波 ZHANG Fan;SHI Xiaonan;ZENG Chen;WANG Guanxing;CHEN Yao;WANG Li;ZHANG Hongbo;YU Zhongbo(Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes,Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100101,China;CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences,Beijing 100101,China;College of Water Resources&Civil Engineering,China Agricultural University,Beijing 100083,China;State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering,Hohai University,Nanjing 210098,China)

机构地区：[1]中国科学院青藏高原研究所环境变化与地表过程重点实验室,北京100101 [2]中国科学院青藏高原地球科学卓越创新中心,北京100101 [3]中国农业大学水利与土木工程学院,北京100083 [4]河海大学水文水资源与水利工程科学国家重点实验室,南京210098

出　　处：《中国科学院院刊》2019年第11期1274-1284,共11页Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences

基　　金：第二次青藏高原综合科学考察研究(2019QZKK0203)

摘　　要：青藏高原是亚洲多条大江大河的发源地,为下游20多亿人民提供宝贵的水资源。河流输沙量与径流量相比被认为是对气候及地表过程变化反应更敏感的河流变量,是量化区域土地退化及土壤资源变化的重要指标。研究选取发源于青藏高原的8条主要河流,包括叶尔羌河、疏勒河、黑河、雅鲁藏布江、怒江、黄河、长江、澜沧江,开展其河源区或上游输沙量变化研究。首先探明了青藏高原主要河流径流量和输沙量的总体水平及空间差异;进而分析了近几十年来(1960—2017年)河流输沙量的变化特征,结合气候(气温、降水)和地表过程(冰川、冻土、植被覆盖)要素解析了影响输沙量时空变化的主要因素,探讨了影响青藏高原河流输沙量变化不确定性的多因素作用机制;最后通过典型案例阐明了河流输沙量变化对高原生态环境及水利工程安全的重大影响,从而为进一步开展青藏高原河流输沙量变化机理研究提供了基础。目前,水文气象资料稀缺是认识青藏高原河流输沙过程的重大挑战,亟待开展、加强观测与模拟研究,为青藏高原水土资源可持续利用以及下游的水安全管理提供科学依据,服务于国家生态安全屏障建设。The Tibetan Plateau is the source zone of major rivers,which provide water resources for more than 2 billion people downstream.Compared with runoff,riverine sediment load is considered as a more sensitive variable in response to climate and land surface process changes,and also as an important index to quantify regional land degradation and soil resource changes.In this study,8 major rivers originated in the Tibetan Plateau,including Yerqiang River,Shule River,Heihe River,Yarlung Tsangpo River,Nujiang River,Yellow River,Yangtze River,and Lancang River,were selected to study the variation of sediment load in the source zone or upper reaches.Firstly,the general amount and spatial variation of runoff and sediment load of these rivers were explored.Secondly,the changes of riverine sediment load in recent decades(1960–2017)were analyzed,with the spatial and temporal variations of sediment load compared to climate(temperature,precipitation)and land surface process(glacier,frozen soil,vegetation cover)factors.Thirdly,the uncertainty of sediment load variation associated with interaction of multi-factors was discussed.Finally,the significant impacts of sediment load variation on the ecological environment and the safety of hydropower projects was pointed out with typical cases.Nowadays,the scarcity of hydrometeorological data is a major challenge to understand the variation of riverine sediment load from the Tibetan Plateau and assess the impacts.It is urgent to strengthen observation and modeling studies to reveal the complex mechanism of sediment transport changes,so as to provide scientific basis for the sustainable utilization of water and soil resources on the Tibetan Plateau and the downstream water resources management,so as to serve the national ecological security.

关 键 词：青藏高原 河流输沙量 变化趋势 环境影响 

分 类 号：G63[文化科学—教育学]