论少数服从多数的合理性基础——中西之别及其成因  

The Rationality of"The Minority Is Subordinate to the Majority":The Difference between Chinese and Western and Their Causes

作　　者：李平[1] Li Ping

机构地区：[1]清华大学法学院

出　　处：《复印报刊资料（法理学、法史学）》2018年第1期20-36,共17页JURISPRUDENCE AND HISTORY OF LAW

摘　　要：“少数服从多数”广泛运用于立法、司法以及政治决策和日常生活中,其合理性看似“当然”,实则非也。该机制可溯源至古希腊,脱生于依赖神意的抽签与决斗,至古希腊晚期与人本化相伴生,是为人神之争过程中人之胜出的表征。殆至启蒙一大革命时代更是彻底摆脱神意,将合理性建立在“公意”之上。但其背后实为力能主义左右,故理性主义路径的合理性解释始终难以圆融,只得转而以效用反证其正当。中国传统文化不曾孕育出此机制,而始终认“独断”为常态,并辅之以参考“众意”和“众议”。这一则与中国古代强调“理-分殊”和圣王贤者较民更为明理有关;二则意在强化决策者与决策责任之间的关联。这较之西方民主理论更适合证成“民主集中制”的合理性。"The minority is subordinate to the majority"is widely used in legislative,judicial,political decisions and daily life.Its rationality seems unquestionable.But this"consensus"is doubtful.The mechanism of"the minority is subordinate to the majority"can be traced back to ancient Greece.It was bom in the activities of lottery and duel and concomitant with the humanistic in late Ancient Greece,which could be labeled as a flag of human's victory in the process of its struggle with god.To the age o￡Enlightenment and European Revolution,It completely rose out of god,and its rationality appeared to be founded on"public will".However,the true basis was actually on"force".Therefore,the explanation of rationalism is not self-consistent and have to base its rationality on effects.On the other hand,Chinese traditional culture never raises the"the minority is subordinate to the majority",but recognizes"dictatorship'*as the norm.While"dictatorship"is supplemented with"the majority opinion"and"the majority comment".On one side,the Chinese mechanism is related to the emphasis on"Li Yi Fen Shu"and Sage-King;and on the other side,it is based on the stress of decision-makersz responsibility.The Chinese understanding is more approprite to approve the rationality of"the minority is subordinate to the majority"than western democratic theory.

关 键 词：少数服从多数 合理性 力能 神 独断 

分 类 号：D26[政治法律—政治学]