黑土区宽垄和窄垄耕作的顺坡坡面土壤侵蚀对比  

Comparison of soil erosion between wide and narrow longitudinal ridge tillage in black soil region

作　　者：王磊 师宏强 刘刚 郑粉莉[1,2] 覃超 张勋昌[3] 张加琼 Wang Lei;Shi Hongqiang;Liu Gang;Zheng Fenli;Qin Chao;Zhang Xunchang;Zhang Jiaqiong(State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau,Institute of Soil and Water Conservation,Northwest A&F University,Yangling 712100,China;Institute of Soil and Water Conservation CAS&MWR,Yangling 712100,China;Grazinglands Research Laboratory,USDA-Agricultural Research Service,El Reno 73036,USA)

机构地区：[1]西北农林科技大学水土保持研究所黄土高原土壤侵蚀与旱地农业国家重点实验室,杨凌712100 [2]中国科学院水利部水土保持研究所,杨凌712100 [3]美国农业部农业研究局牧草地实验室,厄尔雷诺73036

出　　处：《农业工程学报》2019年第19期176-182,共7页Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

基　　金：国家重点研发计划资助(2016YFE0202900);国家自然科学基金项目(41571263)

摘　　要：宽垄耕作具有明显的增产效应,但顺坡宽垄耕作的坡面土壤侵蚀研究鲜见报道。该文基于野外大型坡面径流场观测和室内模拟降雨试验,对比分析了中国黑土区顺坡宽垄和窄垄耕作的坡面土壤侵蚀差异。结果表明,野外观测和室内模拟条件下顺坡宽垄坡面侵蚀量较之于顺坡窄垄坡面分别减少64.4%~90.4%和33.2%~57.9%,同时2种垄作方式下坡面侵蚀量与径流量均呈现出良好的线性关系(R^2≥0.81),但顺坡宽垄处理下的坡面侵蚀量随径流量的增加幅度小于顺坡窄垄处理。野外观测结果还表明,2种垄作方式的坡面侵蚀量皆与降雨侵蚀力PI30和径流量呈显著正相关关系,顺坡宽垄较之于顺坡窄垄减少的坡面侵蚀量随着PI30的增大而呈降低趋势,当PI30为430~605时,顺坡宽垄较顺坡窄垄的坡面土壤侵蚀量减少74.8%~90.4%,当PI30为1520~1708时,顺坡宽垄较顺坡窄垄的坡面土壤侵蚀量减少64.4%和66.5%。无论是野外观测还是室内模拟试验均表明,与传统的顺坡窄垄相比,顺坡宽垄具有较好防治坡面土壤侵蚀效果。因此,在东北黑土区推广宽垄耕作对保护黑土资源有重要意义。Wide longitudinal ridge tillage has significant effects for increasing crop yield.Field observation shows that in the black soil region of Northeast China,wide longitudinal ridge tillage has been widely promoted in the intensive farms on which large agricultural machines are used.However,hillslope soil erosion of wide longitudinal ridge tillage is seldom studied.Therefore,in typical black soil region,in this study,two large natural runoff plots with gentle slope gradient were established in Liangshigou watershed in Keshan County,Heilongjiang Province.One was wide longitudinal ridge tillage with 320 m slope length and 3-m slope width and another was narrow longitudinal ridge tillage with 320 m slope length and 2 m slope width.Ridges were established on a field of silty clay loam(USDA classification).The slope gradients ranged from 2°-7°.According to literature review and field measurements of the wide and narrow ridges in black soil region of Northeast China,the used wide ridges were 15-cm high,110-cm wide;the used narrow ridges were 15-cm high,65 cm wide.A laboratory simulated rainfall experiment was conducted in the simulated rainfall hall of the State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau,Yangling City,China.The soil used in the laboratory simulated rainfall experiment was collected in the natural runoff plot.According to the standard of erosive rainfall in Northeast black soil region of China,the simulated rainfall intensities were 50,75 and 100 mm/h.Each rainfall experiment lasted 60 min.The wide and narrow ridges used in the simulated experiments were consistent with the large natural runoff plot in Keshan County.Based on the runoff plot observation and laboratory simulated rainfall experiments,the differences of hillslope soil erosion between wide and narrow longitudinal ridge tillage in black soil region of China were analyzed.The results showed that under both field runoff observation and laboratory simulation,hillslope soil losses from the wide longitudinal ridge tilla

关 键 词：土壤 侵蚀 径流 顺坡宽垄 顺坡窄垄 东北黑土区 野外观测 室内模拟 

分 类 号：S157.1[农业科学—土壤学]