新古典生产者理论的缺陷、引致问题及其解决方案  

The Defects and Caused Problems of the Neoclassical Producer Theory and Its Solutions

作　　者：赵志君[1] ZHAO Zhijun(Chinese Academy of Social Sciences,Beijing,China)

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院经济研究所

出　　处：《经济学动态》2019年第11期84-96,共13页Economic Perspectives

基　　金：国家重点研发计划“金融风险的计量理论与方法”(2018YFA0703900);中国社会科学院创新工程项目“公司治理、金融与经济增长”的资助

摘　　要：自新古典经济学诞生以来,对它的批判一直没有停止过,但大部分批判都指向了它的假设的合理性及其模型的现实解释力,对其存在的逻辑问题考察得不够彻底,遇到问题时主流经济学家往往首先从维护完全竞争理论的角度考虑,而对存在的问题采取回避态度,致使问题长期存在于教科书和学术文献而得不到纠正。本文聚焦于新古典经济学最重要的组成部分——新古典生产者理论,认为新古典利润函数的定义过于狭窄,导致利润最大化问题与规模收益递增和不变的生产技术不相容,要素需求函数、产品供给函数和利润函数都没有良好定义。出现这种情况的原因在于,出于维持边际收益等于边际成本这个先验命题考虑,主流文献没有把资源约束纳入利润最优化问题之中。在利润最大化问题求解过程中,主流文献通常不考虑二阶条件,在最优解不存在或存在但不唯一的情况下,想当然地认为满足一阶条件的最优解存在且唯一。含有知识外溢效应和人力资本的内生经济增长模型也存在类似的逻辑不一致性问题。遵循经济学的基本前提,本文引进表示资源稀缺的不等式约束,构建了新的生产者行为理论模型。这一模型具有很大的包容性,克服了主流模型的缺陷,避免了最优化问题无解的情况。本文采用库恩塔克方法,对规模收益不变、递增和递减情况下的生产者优化问题给出了统一解决方案。Since the birth of the neoclassical economics,critiques to it have never stopped.But most of the critiques point to the reasonability of its hypothesis and the realistic explanatory power of its models.Its logic is not thoroughly examined,and when encountering problems,mainstream economists tend to take an evasive attitude towards these existing problems from the perspective of safeguarding the theory of perfect competition,causing the problems to exist in textbooks for a long time and not to be corrected.This paper focuses on producer theory,the most important component of neoclassical economics,and argues that the definition of neoclassical profit function is too narrow,resulting in the inconsistency between profit maximization and technologies exhibiting increasing and constant returns to scale,and the factor demand function,product supply function as well as profit function are not well defined.The reason behind these problems is that,the mainstream literature does not impose resource constraints in the profit optimization problem in consideration of the transcendental proposition,which requires marginal returns equal marginal cost.In the process of solving the profit maximization problem,some mainstream literature does not consider the second-order condition.It is taken for granted that,even when there is more than one optimal solution or no optimal solution,the solution satisfying the first-order condition exists and is the only one optimal.This paper also points out and demonstrates similar problems existing in endogenous economic growth models with knowledge spillover effects.Following the basic premise of economics,this paper introduces inequality constraints of resources scarcity to construct a new theoretical model of producer behavior which overcomes the shortcomings of mainstream models and avoids cases of no solution to optimization problems,therefore it is more inclusive.The new model uses the Kuhn-Tucker method to analyze the behavior of producers,and provides a unified solution to the problem of

关 键 词：利润函数 新古典经济学 完全竞争 最优化 

分 类 号：G63[文化科学—教育学]