黄河菌草生态安全屏障建设的研究与应用  

Constructing an ecological barrier by Juncao along the Yellow River and its industrial applicaton

作　　者：林占熺[1] 苏德伟[1] 林辉[1] 林兴生[1] 林冬梅[1] 郑丹[1] 蔡杨星[1] 余世葵 罗宗志[1] LIN Zhanxi;SU Dewei;LIN Hui;LIN Xingsheng;LIN Dongmei;ZHENG Dan;CAI Yangxing;YU Shikui;LUO Zongzhi(National Engineering Research Center of Juncao,Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University,Fuzhou,Fujian 350002,China)

机构地区：[1]福建农林大学国家菌草工程技术研究中心

出　　处：《福建农林大学学报（自然科学版）》2019年第6期803-812,共10页Journal of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University:Natural Science Edition

基　　金：国家林业公益性行业科研专项(201004019);国家菌草工程技术研究中心组建项目(2011FU125X11);福建省教育厅资助项目(201812628)

摘　　要：针对黄河流域不同类型的生态脆弱问题,在黄河上、中、下游的洪积扇区、沙漠区、砒砂岩区、河滩地水土流失区、盐碱地开展菌草生态治理研究与应用.结果表明,高寒地区菌草生态治理后,植被恢复快.巨菌草生长92 d,鲜草产量达到178.05 t·hm^-2,鲜根重31.35 t·hm^-2;洪积扇扇缘鲜草产量达到162.45 t·hm^-2,鲜根重26.85 t·hm^-2,洪积扇区域地表水的流失量比对照(CK)下降97.45%;流动沙地菌草生态治理后,巨菌草生长55 d,即可有效重建沙地植被,其根系形成网络状,防风阻沙固沙效果显著.巨菌草作为饲用作物栽培,鲜草产量达183.45 t·hm^-2.砒砂岩菌草生态治理后,绿洲1号、巨菌草成苗率分别为98.8%、93.5%,显著高于沙棘、杨柳、杨树.巨菌草植被恢复效果最好,鲜草产量达到62.25 t·hm^-2,鲜根重13.05 t·hm^-2,有效减缓砒砂岩区水土流失、沟头发育.黄土高原黄土阶地区河滩地水土流失菌草生态治理后,绿洲1号种植2 a后,越冬成活率达到98%,株高616.73 cm,平均分蘖44.35个,鲜草产量173.1 t·hm^-2,能发挥长效的保水固土作用.黄河下游冲积平原菌草改良盐碱地效果明显,pH降低,有机质、全氮、全磷、过氧化氢酶、多酚氧化酶和脲酶含量升高,河滩地菌草植被恢复效果好,菌草生长121 d,收割2茬,鲜草产量达269.25 t·hm^-2.系列研究成果表明,在黄河沿岸建设菌草生态屏障技术切实可行.Faced with the challenge of ecological vulnerability in the Yellow River,ecological restoration and management by the cultivations of Juncao were carried out in the alpine area,diluvial fan area,flooding/erosion area,and saline/alkali area along the Yellow River.The results showed that Juncao grown in the alpine region recovered rapidly.It grew for 92 d,and yielded 178.05 t·hm^-2 fresh grass and 31.35 t·hm^-2 fresh root.In the diluvial fan areas,Juncao also produced 162.45 t·hm^-2 fresh grass and 26.85 t·hm^-2 fresh root,reducing surface water loss by 97.45%in comparison to the control.Although Juncao only grew for 55 d in the shifting sandy region,it was sufficient for vegetation restoration as its root system had been well established,which provided excellent windbreak and sand-fixing functions.Not the least,Juncao also yielded 183.45 t·hm^-2 fresh grass as fodder crop in this region.In the sandstone area,seedling rates of oasis No.1 and Juncao reached 98.8%and 93.5%,respectively,which were significantly higher than that of seabuckthorn,willow and poplar.Among all,vegetation recovery effect of Juncao was the best,producing 62.25 t·hm^-2 fresh grass and 13.05 t·hm^-2 fresh root,which effectively mitigated soil erosion and the development of erosion gully.In the floodplain of the Loess Plateau,the wintering survival rate of Oasis No.1 reached 98%after 2-year development.The matured grass reached 616.73 cm,and produced averagely 44.35 tillers and 173.1 t·hm^-2grass.In the alluvial plain in the lower reach of the Yellow River,Juncao grass also effectively improved the saline/alkali soil with declined soil pH and increased levels of total organic matter,total nitrogen,total phosphorus,catalase,polyphenol oxidase and ureas.Juncao grass grew for 121 d and yielded 269.25 t·hm^-2 within 2 harvests.In conclusion,cultivation of Juncao proved to be an effective and practical tool to restore an ecological barrier along the Yellow River.

关 键 词：菌草 黄河生态安全屏障 生态治理 

分 类 号：C962[经济管理—人力资源管理]