美国保守主义:渊源、近况与未来  

American Conservatism: Origin,Recent Status and Future Prospects

作　　者：朱欣 哈维·曼斯菲尔德[2] ZHU Xin;Harvey Mansfield(Department of Philosophy,Peking University;Department of Government,Harvard University)

机构地区：[1]北京大学哲学系 [2]哈佛大学政府学系

出　　处：《当代美国评论》2019年第4期98-120,125,126,共25页Contemporary American Review

摘　　要：美国保守主义的起源不同于对法国大革命的回应而产生的欧洲保守主义,它不存在对“旧制度”的保存,而是以支持美国革命以及联邦宪制的形式出现,这批支持者被称作“联邦党人”。哈维·曼斯菲尔德的保守主义不同于哈耶克式的自由至上的保守主义,后者不仅缺乏对平等的关注,而且不关心美国是否伟大。曼斯菲尔德的保守主义旨在保护自由主义不受自由派的侵犯,后者日趋背离自由主义的原则,趋向极端的民主与平等。之所以出现这种背离,在很大程度上源自自由主义的精神被新左派所篡夺。出于一种对“自我”概念的狭隘认知,新左派忽视了人民管理自己的政治诉求,在此基础上,他们对身份政治的呼吁只能实现肤浅的一致性,无法缓解更深刻的差异可能造成的冲突。因此,曼斯菲尔德提倡重返美国的立国之本,回到联邦党人、柏克、托克维尔的思想深处,复兴一种“具有灵魂的自由主义”,将贵族制的元素添加到民主制的原则中,使共和主义更好地与政府的需要相协调。特朗普的当选,作为原始民主精神的一种表现,彰显了真正的自由主义精神的衰落。为此,曼斯菲尔德重申美国保守主义的核心要义,它是一种更精良的自由主义,它始终对自由主义的进步趋势有着清醒的觉察,是捍卫美国宪政原则的政治智慧。The origin of American conservatism is different from European conservatism that arose in response to the French Revolution.In America,there was no old regime,so conservatism took the form of supporting the American Revolution and the Constitution as opposed to revolutionary democracy.These supporters were also known as the Federalists.Harvey Mansfield s conservatism is different from Hayek s libertarian conservatism,which not only lacks concern for equality,but also has no concern for greatness.Mansfield s conservatism aims to defend liberalism from the liberals,who have departed from the principles of liberalism in the direction of extreme democracy and equality.The reason for this deviation is largely due to the usurpation of liberalism by the New Left.Due to a narrow understanding of“the self”,the New Left overlooks the political desire people have to govern themselves.Consequently,their appeal to identity politics can only achieve superficial uniformity and can hardly mitigate possible conflicts caused by more profound differences.Therefore,Mansfield advocates returning to the foundation of the United States,returning to the deep thoughts of Federalists,Burke and Tocqueville,and to revive a sort of“liberalism with a soul”by infusing aristocratic elements into the fundamental principles of democracy to better align republicanism with governmental needs.Trump s election is an expression of raw and crude spirit of democracy.Mansfield reiterates the core of conservatism:it should be understood as a better,more sophisticated kind of liberalism.The conservative mind is always aware of the progressive trend of liberalism,and always defends American constitutional principles as the best way to bring intelligence to politics.

关 键 词：保守主义 自由主义 身份政治 美国宪制 特朗普 

分 类 号：G63[文化科学—教育学]