古代乡村善政:南宋儒者治乡的三重维度  

Good Governance in Rural Community in Ancient China:Three Dimensions of Rural Governance of Confucians in the Southern Song Dynasty

作　　者：崔海东[1] CUI Hai-dong(College of Humanities,Jiangsu University of Science and Technology,Zhenjiang,Jiangsu,212003)

机构地区：[1]江苏科技大学人文学院

出　　处：《深圳大学学报（人文社会科学版）》2020年第1期23-33,共11页Journal of Shenzhen University：Humanities & Social Sciences

基　　金：江苏省社会科学基金项目“江苏书院史”(17WMB027)

摘　　要：南宋儒者将乡村成员分为三个阶层,作为乡村领导与精英的"官员-士绅"阶层;对基层社会起到严重破坏作用的"吏胥-豪民"阶层;需要予以保护和教养的"富民-平民"阶层,而后针对三者特点采取不同策略展开下行之乡治。依重和联合第一个阶层:依靠官员,揭示其自身与为政之弊端、形成原因并提出对策,积极改造之;团结士绅,共同推进乡间公共事务的发展。规范和惩治第二个阶层:规范吏胥,揭示其对下欺压百姓、对上欺蒙官员之弊端及成因并提出对策,予以限制利用;惩治豪民,揭示其对下祸害乡里、对上欺凌官吏,并与吏胥相勾结之危害,严惩不贷。保护与教养第三个阶层:保护富民,客观看待其作用,妥善维护其利益;教养平民,在民生方面保田地、均赋税、宽役法、备灾荒、严治安,在教化方面则制家礼以收拢宗族,兴书院以教化乡党。The exiled Confucians in the Southern Song Dynasty divided people in rural areas into three classes, the"officials and gentry" who were leaders and elites, the "petty officials and despots" who played a devastating role at the grassroots level, and "the rich people and commons" who needed to be protected and educated. And then they adopted different strategies to govern the rural areas in accordance with the characteristics of the three classes, namely, they relied and allied with the first class, regulated and punished the second, and protected and educated the third.Specifically, the strategies for the first class included: relying on officials to reveal their own misconducts and malpractice of the government and the reasons behind, and put forward countermeasures for improvement;siding with the gentry to promote the development of the public affairs in rural areas. Strategies for the second class included:regulating petty officials by exposing their vices of oppressing common people and deceiving their superiors, identifying the causes behind and providing countermeasures, and limiting use of these officials;punishing despots by revealing the harms they did to the rural community when they bullied villagers and officials and collided with petty officials, and imposing severe punishment on them. Strategies for the third class are as follows: protecting rich people, viewing their roles objectively and properly safeguarding their interests;cultivating commons focused on improving people’s livelihood and education. In terms of livelihood, many measures were taken such as preserving the land, equalizing taxes, reducing military service, preparing against natural disasters, tightening security. In terms of education, rural Confucians established family rites to draw closer the clans, and build academies to educate the villagers.

关 键 词：南宋儒者 乡村治理 官员-士绅阶层 吏胥-豪民阶层 富民-平民阶层 下行政治 

分 类 号：B2[哲学宗教—中国哲学]