再论灾害防御能力的基本定义与特征探讨  

Re-discussion on the Basic Definition and Characteristics of Disaster Defense Capability

作　　者：孔锋 KONG Feng(School of Public Policy and Management,Tsinghua University,Beijing 100084,China;Center for Crisis Management Research,Tsinghua University,Beijing 100084,China;Center for Social Risk Assessment in China,Tsinghua University,Beijing 100084,China)

机构地区：[1]清华大学公共管理学院 [2]清华大学应急管理研究基地 [3]清华大学中国社会风险评估研究中心

出　　处：《灾害学》2020年第1期6-10,15,共6页Journal of Catastrophology

基　　金：北京市社科基金研究基地项目(19JDGLA008;19JDGB026);国家自然科学基金(41801064; 71790611);中国博士后科学基金资助项目(2019T120114; 2019M650756)

摘　　要：化解重大风险背景下,灾害防御能力已成为综合减灾与可持续发展的重要影响因素之一。在灾害防御能力的基本定义与特征探讨的基础上,综合近年来灾害防御能力研究和实践的发展动向,首先阐述了集物理设防、社会设防和人文设防为一体的综合灾害防御能力的内涵,并对物理设防、社会设防和人文设防的内涵与外延进行了分析。然后,梳理了六类灾害防御能力的研究与实践,即基于CAR工具指标体系的灾害应急能力评估、基于ISDR的减轻灾害风险能力评估、WMO减轻灾害能力评估、社区尺度灾害防御能力评估、基于阶段-资本关联的灾害防御能力评估和基于社会学的灾害防御能力评价。最后从三个方面对灾害防御能力的评价给出了评述与展望,即灾害防御能力评价应将灾害风险评价与应急管理评价体系相结合、灾害防御能力评价应整合主体-资源-过程三维度指标体系和灾害防御能力评价应面向社会可操作的指标体系。Disaster prevention capability has become one of the important factors influencing comprehensive disaster reduction and sustainable development under the background of resolving major risks. Based on the discussion of the basic definition and characteristics of disaster defense capability and the development trend of research and practice of disaster defense capability in recent years, this study first expounds the connotation of comprehensive disaster defense capability, which integrates physical defense, social defense and humanistic defense, and analyses the connotation and extension of physical defense, social defense and humanistic defense.Then, the research and practice of six kinds of disaster defense capabilities are summarized, namely, disaster emergency response capability assessment based on CAR tool index system, disaster risk reduction capability assessment based on ISDR, WMO disaster mitigation capability assessment, community-scale disaster defense capability assessment, stage-capital correlation-based disaster defense capability assessment and sociology-based disaster defense capability assessment. Finally, the evaluation of disaster defense capability is reviewed and prospected from three aspects, that is, the evaluation of disaster defense capability should combine disaster risk assessment with emergency management evaluation system, the evaluation of disaster defense capability should integrate the three-dimensional index system of subject-resource-process and the evaluation of disaster defense capability should be oriented to the social operational index system.

关 键 词：灾害防御能力 物理设防 社会设防 人文设防 指标体系 巨灾管理 风险融资 

分 类 号：X43[环境科学与工程—灾害防治] X915.5