“因不失其亲”的句法及其他——从句法语义分析到语用推理  

The role of syntax and pragmatics in the interpretation of The Analects of Confucius

作　　者：胡建华[1] HU Jianhua

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院语言研究所

出　　处：《中国语文》2020年第1期3-25,126,共24页Studies of the Chinese Language

基　　金：国家社科基金重点项目“论元选择中的显著性和局部性研究”(14AYY016)的资助

摘　　要：本文从句法语义和语用的角度对《论语》中几个比较费解的语句进行分析,以期说明现代句法语义学和语用学在训诂中的作用和意义。本文首先考察《论语·学而》篇中“因不失其亲”的句法结构,从句法的角度论证这一语句是复句,而不是单句;根据语义限制和结构平行对应性,本文认为该句前文的“信近于义”“恭近于礼”二句也是复句。然后,本文从字面义和语用含义的角度对“信”与“谅”的语义做了区分。最后,本文讨论《论语·颜渊》篇中“诚不以富,亦祇以异”的语用含义,指出从关联理论的角度看,这一《诗经》语句出现在《论语·颜渊》篇中并不是错简,孔子引用这一诗句是为了实现那个时代才可能存在的最优关联;“诚不以富,亦祇以异”的解读与《论语·为政》篇中“攻乎异端,斯害也已”以及《论语·子罕》篇中“我叩其两端而竭焉”的解读实际上存在着一种内在的逻辑关系。This paper shows that syntax and pragmatics may play an important role in the interpretation of The Analects of Confucius . It shows that the traditional mono-clausal analysis of the problematic sentence “因不失其亲” may not hold, given that yin (因) as a transitive verb with the meaning of “to rely on” cannot subcategorize for a VP as its complement. If this sentence is analyzed into a bi-clausal structure, the problems associated with the syntactic analysis as well as the interpretation of the sentence “因不失其亲” can be resolved. It is claimed that yin should be analyzed into a conditional clause, and the two structures “信近于义” and “恭近于礼” preceding “因不失其亲” are also bi-clausal in nature. Xin (信) is not the subject of “近于义” and gong (恭) is not the subject of “近于礼” as they both should be understood as conditional clauses with xin and gong as the heads of the VP predicates. In addition, this paper also discusses the interpretation of the two sentences “诚不以富” and “亦祇以异” cited by Confucius from The Book of Songs . It shows that the interpretation of these two sentences should be situated in the context of The Analects of Confucius under the spirit of Relevance Theory. The pragmatic implication intended by Confucius in citing these two sentences from The Book of Songs is that one can make adequate judgment in contradictory situations only when he knows how to grasp the covert essence of things by getting rid of (but not being overwhelmed by) the overt contradictions.

关 键 词：句法 关联理论 字面义 语用含义 复句 《论语》 “因不失其亲” 

分 类 号：H146[语言文字—汉语]