客家方言名词后缀“子”“崽”的类型及其演变  

The classification and development of nominal suffixes-zi(子) and-zai(崽) in Hakka dialects

作　　者：庄初升 ZHUANG Chusheng

机构地区：[1]浙江大学汉语史研究中心/中文系

出　　处：《中国语文》2020年第1期66-76,127,共12页Studies of the Chinese Language

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目“海内外客家方言的语料库建设和综合比较研究”(14ZDB103)的资助

摘　　要：客家方言中与北京话“子”缀、儿化大体对应的名词后缀主要有“子”“欸”“哩”“仔”“崽”五种。论文首先考察名词后缀“子”的类型及其演变。陆河话“子”缀,普宁船埔话缀,新竹话缀,可见海陆腔客家方言具有[ts■]>[t■]>[■]完整的音变链;梅县话等的名词后缀“欸”,兴宁话等的名词后缀“哩”也都是由“子”演变而来,这些客家方言早期“儿子”义的名词就是“子”。另外,闽西的长汀、宁化、连城、上杭蓝溪等既带“子”缀又带“哩”缀,“哩”也是由“子”弱化而来,本质上属于两个不同层次的“子”在同一个方言中的叠置和竞争。论文接着考察名词后缀“崽”的类型及其演变。仁化长江、汝城等相应的名词后缀是“崽”,南雄等的“哩”则是“崽”的弱化形式。本文还指出,“子”和“崽”都是上古精母之部字,“崽”是通语词“子”的方言分化词。客家方言中表“儿子”义的方言词有“子”“崽”两个,前者是直接承上古而来,后者则是古楚地方言词的遗留,它们在发展演变过程中基本上都已词缀化,各种不同的变体正好体现不同的弱化程度。In correspondence to the nominal suffix-zi(子)and the suffixation by Erhua(儿化,Rhotacization)in Beijing dialect,five nominal suffixes,i.e.the-zi(子),-zai(崽),-li(哩),-zai(仔)and-e(欸),can be found in Hakka dialects.This paper suggests that the latter three suffixes are derived from the former two suffixes-zi and-zai(崽).In areas where only one of the suffixes-zi,-e,-li,and-zai(仔)is observed,the latter three are believed to be derived from-zi,under phonological chain shift caused by sound weakening,the drop of onset or nucleus,or the addition of coda.In regions close to the Cantonese-speaking area,both-zai(仔)and-zi are observed,which implies an influence from Cantonese.Besides,the nominal suffixes-zi and-li in some other areas also present a contrast on language style between formal and informal.In the case of-zai(崽),it is supposed to be a remnant of the ancient Chu(楚)dialect,and is believed to be the origin of the nominal suffix-li in Hakka dialects spoken at the intersectional area of the current Guangdong,Jiangxi and Hunan provinces.

关 键 词：客家方言 名词后缀 “子”缀 “崽”缀 音变链 弱化 

分 类 号：H176[语言文字—汉语]