汉学向玄学的过渡——以郑玄的太极观向王弼的过渡为例  

Transition from Han Learning to Metaphysics:Taking Development from Zheng Xuan’s Theory to Wang Bi’s Theory as an Example

作　　者：程强 Cheng Qiang(School of Marxism,Guizhou Education University)

机构地区：[1]贵州师范学院马克思主义学院

出　　处：《南京林业大学学报（人文社会科学版）》2020年第1期99-108,共10页Journal of Nanjing Forestry University(Humanities and Social Sciences Edition)

摘　　要：战国晚期,《道德经》的生成论被《鹖冠子》《吕氏春秋》所继承,两者又把“道”具化为元气,完成了老、易的对接。《淮南子》则试图在“元气”之上建构一个“绝对的无”,形成“宇宙生元气”的“无生有”的架构。这种生成次序在汉代学者那里延续了几百年,直到郑玄注《乾凿度》才发现从“绝对的无”生成“浑沌之有”的困难——太极元气不能由“不见气”的“太易”生成。为解决这一难题,郑玄另辟蹊径:用庄子的“自本自根”的本体观念来阐释,于是太极元气的生成变成了“自本自根”“忽然而自生”。这样,郑玄的宇宙论就有了两阶次的生成模式:(1)万物有生成次序;(2)元气本身没有生成次序。顺着元气的生成模式进一步发挥,把它运用到万物上,就自动形成一以贯之的独化论体系。郑玄还没有走到这一步,王弼完成了最后跳跃。由元气的忽然而自生,转变为万物的独化,只是一个推衍的自然过程,由一点发挥到整个面而已。元气之上没有造物主,推之,每个物之上也不会有造物主。物物之间没有了生成关联,也就没有了其他的关联,每个物都是“独”而“化”,因为物内在的“玄无”成了物自足的根本与源泉,万物就变成各自孤独而自足的存在。“忽然而自生”就自动转变成“独化”。王弼删汰太极元气说,消除万物生成之母,继承了郑玄第二套思路,把“忽然而自生”又推衍到万物上,取消了每一物之上的生成之母,汉学开始向玄学过渡了。By the late Warring States Period,the generation theory in the Dao De Jing was inherited by He Guan Zi and Lv’s Commentaries of History,and both of them transformed“Tao”into“chaos”,combining Laozi and The Book of Changes.Huainanzi tried to build an“absolute nil”on the“chaos”to form a“nil?to?life”structure of“universe evolution”.This theory prevailed among scholars in the Han Dynasty for hundreds of years.It was not until the time when Zheng Xuan noted Qianzaodu that he discovered the difficulty of“absolute nil”generating“chaos”:Tai Chi can not be generated by“Taiyi”.To solve the problem,Zhengxuan employed the concept of“self?origin”from Zhuangzi.Accordig to him,the generation of Taichi and chaos is“self?rooted”and“abrupt”.Thus,there are two modes in Zhengxuan’s theory of universe evolution.One is the generation of all beings with order;the other is the generation from chaos without order.With the generation mode going further,it can be applied to all beings,and thus a system of self?transformation is formed.It is Wang Bi who made the last step of transformation.It is a natural process of theory development from the sudden and self?generated chaos to self?driven evolution,extending from one point to the whole system.There is neither a creator above the chaos nor a creator above every object.There is neither relationship of generation nor other connections between objects.Every object evolves with self?driven force.The intrinsic“nil”becomes the foundation of self?sufficiency of every object,and every object is the separate existence with self?sufficiency.Thus,the theory of“sudden self?generation”automatically turns into the theory of“self?driven evolution”.Wang Bi deleted the theory of“chaos”and abandoned the concept of“mother”of all objects,but rather,he inherited Zheng Xuan’s second set of ideas applying the theory of“sudden self?generation”to all objects.In doing so,Han Learning has transformed to metaphysics.

关 键 词：汉学 玄学 太极 郑玄 王弼 

分 类 号：B234[哲学宗教—中国哲学] B235