非典型疑问词的句法层级和语用效应——从比较语法看客家话的“么个”  

On the syntactic cartography and pragmatic effects of non-canonical Wh-questions:A comparative study of what in Hakka

作　　者：钟叡逸 蔡维天[2] ZHONG Rui-yi;CAI weitian

机构地区：[1]厦门大学海外教育学院,厦门 [2]清华大学语言学研究所,中国台湾

出　　处：《中国语文》2020年第2期201-220,255,256,共22页Studies of the Chinese Language

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目“汉语及其方言论元结构制图法”(16CYY041)资助。

摘　　要：本文从比较语法的观点切入,探讨客家话“么个”的各类用法,检视其疑问用法发展出非典型“抱怨念力”(whining force)的过程,并厘清相关句式的句法层级及其语用效应。我们也藉由对比普通话的“什么”,凸显不同方言异曲同工之处:本为问物疑问词的“么个”转为可替换形式“么个-X”,通过句法制图(syntactic cartography)分析可清楚呈现两者间的微妙差异;而动后“么个”也从轻动词和施用词结构拓展出感叹、抱怨等各项用法。其相应语义诠释和语用效应一目了然,彼此紧密互动。若再与台湾闽南话比较,抱怨念力句式则呈现WHAT-HOW双线对比——客家话、普通话选择WHAT(如“么个”“什么”),闽南话选择HOW(即“按怎”)。这个现象源自汉语轻动词隐现的交互运用,而客家话的材料提供了关键性的线索。藉此,我们可从宏观角度来观察普通话和闽客方言的共性和个性,凸显比较语法带来的新格局和新思路。This paper investigates the non-canonical what-questions in Hakka which express the so-called“whining force”.From a comparative point of view,a syntactic account of the unusual what-construals is offered together with analysis on their peculiar pragmatic features.The cross-dialectal study shows that the whining force of Hakka mage(么个)“what”and its counterpart shenme(什么)“what”in Mandarin can be accounted for by their distinct syntactic distribution in a light verb/applicative construction,very much predictable in cartographic terms given by Rizzi(1997,2004)and Cinque(1999).As a result,a fine-grained topography is sketched to show a close correspondence among their morpho-syntactic,semantic and pragmatic properties.By taking Taiwan Southern Min(TSM)further into consideration,an interesting contrast of whining questions,i.e.WHAT vs.HOW,has emerged in postverbal positions:Namely,Hakka and Mandarin pick WHAT,whereas TSM picks HOW.Thus,this paper not only presents a new comparative perspective to accommodate the above observations and insights,but also accounts for the universalities and individualities of non-canonical wh-construals among Hakka,TSM and Mandarin.

关 键 词：非典型疑问 么个 什么 比较语法 制图理论 

分 类 号：H176[语言文字—汉语]