思想与行动的距离--中国古代自然资源与环境保护概观  

The Gap between Thought and Action:An Overview of the Thought on Natural Resourcet and Environmeetal Protection in Ancient China

作　　者：王利华[1] Wang Lihua

机构地区：[1]南开大学历史学院暨生态文明研究院,300350

出　　处：《史学理论研究》2020年第2期74-86,158,159,共15页Historiography Bimonthly

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目"多卷本《中国生态环境史》"(项目编号:13&ZD080)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：中国古代先后两度出现性质相当不同的资源环境困境。第一次是西周至秦汉时期,主要表现为山林川泽自然资源不敷利用,资源困境的忧思催生了早熟的自然资源保护思想理论和礼法制度。第二次是清朝中期以后,“人口爆炸”造成的巨大资源(特别是土地)危机和生存压力,使18世纪末期(1790年)成为历史上的环境拐点,山区毁林开垦迅速显现出恶劣的环境后果,促使当时社会展开以山林保护为重点的环境保护思考和行动。两者之间是一个思想与行动都显得相对平淡和迟滞的阶段,但也有若干历史情节值得特别注意:一是围绕山林川泽之利,发生了国家从“专山泽之利”到放弃山泽垄断的制度变化;二是先秦诸子的自然观念和资源保护思想,在宋明理学中得到了一次明显升华。The ancient Chinese people have twice faced environmental dilemmas of different nature.The first one was the period from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Qin and Han Dynasties,which was mainly manifested in the inadequacy of natural resources from mountains,forests,rivers,and swamps.The rising concerns with the resource dilemma gave birth to the thought on natural resource protection embodied in the systems of rites and laws,though precocious to its historical context;The second was the one after the middle of the Qing Dynasty,the gloomy resource(especially land)crisis and the survival pressure caused by the"population explosion"made the end of the eighteenth century(1790)an environmental turning point in Chinese history.The deforestation and reclamation in mountain areas quickly showed grave environmental consequences,which prompted the society to start thinking and acting upon environmental protection,with a focus on maintaining forest protection at that time.Between these two moments is a stage(from the western Han Dynasty to the early Qing Dynasty)in which thought and action were relatively dull and sluggish.However,there were still several historical circumstances demanding our attention:first,regarding the benefits of exploiting mountains,forests,rivers and swamps,the state changed its policy from enforcing a monopoly to dissolving it;second,the concepts of nature and resource protection proposed by pre-Qin philosophers had clearly further developed in the Neo-Confucian tradition during the Song and Ming Dynasties.

关 键 词：环境史 自然资源保护思想 环境保护礼制和法令 环境拐点 

分 类 号：Q16[生物学—普通生物学] X24[环境科学与工程—环境科学]