农牧交错带马铃薯高产和水分高效利用的播期和品种选择  

Selecting planting date and cultivar for high yield and water use efficiency of potato across the agro-pastoral ecotone in North China

作　　者：李扬[1] 王靖[1] 唐建昭 马雪晴 潘学标[1] Li Yang;Wang Jing;Tang Jianzhao;Ma Xueqing;Pan Xuebiao(College of Resources and Environmental Sciences,China Agricultural University,Beijing 100193,China;Engineering Technology Research Center,Geographic Information Development and Application of Hebei,Institute of Geographical Sciences,Hebei Academy of Sciences,Shijiazhuang,050011,China)

机构地区：[1]中国农业大学资源与环境学院,北京100193 [2]河北省科学院地理科学研究所,河北省地理信息开发应用工程技术研究中心,石家庄050011

出　　处：《农业工程学报》2020年第4期118-126,共9页Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

基　　金：中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(2018TC042);国家自然科学基金项目(41871086,41475104)。

摘　　要：雨养马铃薯的稳产和增产对保障北方农牧交错带粮食安全有重要意义。农牧交错带马铃薯可播种期长且水热条件年际变异大,因此,不同的水热年型应选择不同的马铃薯播期和品种。该研究基于农牧交错带武川试验站典型水热年型(2017:暖干;2018:暖湿)的马铃薯分期播种耦合品种选型试验,选择早熟(费乌瑞它)、中熟(康尼贝科)和晚熟(克新一号)3个品种,耦合早播(04-27/04-28)、中播(05-15/05-16)和晚播(06-01/06-02)3个播期,以雨养马铃薯高产和水分高效利用为依据确定典型水热年型下的播期和品种优化组合,并揭示其互作效应对产量和水分生产力的影响。结果表明:不同水热年型下,播期和品种变化对马铃薯生育期、产量和水分生产力均影响显著,马铃薯全生育期最短仅90 d(早熟晚播),最长达138 d(晚熟早播),早、中和晚熟品种平均生育期有效积温分别为1691.5、1772.6和1944.6℃·d。随播期推迟马铃薯播种-块茎形成期缩短,而块茎形成-成熟期无显著变化。暖干年马铃薯的平均产量为6187.3 kg/hm^2,其中早熟品种(费乌瑞它)早播和中播的产量和水分生产力显著高于其他耦合方式;暖湿年马铃薯的平均产量为19390 kg/hm^2,其中晚熟品种(克新一号)中播的产量(23103.9 kg/hm^2)和水分生产力(6.8 kg/m3)最高。适宜的播期和品种优化组合降低了马铃薯生育期的水分胁迫。马铃薯产量和生育期气象因子的相关分析表明,块茎形成-成熟期的降水可以解释马铃薯产量变异的87%。研究可为不同水热年型下马铃薯种植选择最佳播期和品种组合提供科学参考。Potato is one of the staple food crops across the agro-pastoral ecotone(APE)in North China under rainfed condition.High and stable yield of potato is of significance for ensuring food security in the APE.The combination of planting date and cultivar should be selected according to different hydrothermal year types due to long potential planting time and high inter-annual variation of hydrothermal conditions during the potato growth period in the APE.To investigate the suitable combination of planting date and cultivar for rainfed potato under different hydrothermal conditions,field experiments were conducted under warm-dry(2017)and warm-wet(2018)year types.Each year included three planting dates and cultivars:early-(April 26/27),middle-(May 15/16)and late(June 02/03)planting combined with early-(Favorita),middle-(Connibeck),and late(Kexin_1)maturing potato cultivars.The experiment results were used to compare the length of the growing period,fresh yield and water productively of potato under different combinations of planting dates and cultivars.The optimal combination of planting date and cultivar was determined according to both high yield and water productivity of potato during different year types.Moreover,the study revealed the impact mechanism of change in planting date and cultivar on yield and water productivity of potato and the yield-determining factors of rainfed potato were investigated by conducting the relationship between yield and main meteorological factors during different growth periods of potato.The study results showed that change of plating date and cultivar had significant interactive impacts on phenology,yield and water productivity.The shortest growing period of potato was only 90 d under late-planting of early-maturing cultivar while the longest growing period of potato reached 138 d under early-planting of late-maturing cultivar.The time of potato growing period had a negative correlation with mean temperature(P<0.01).Mean growing period effective thermal time more than 2℃for early-,m

关 键 词：作物 水分 产量 马铃薯 水热年型 气象因子 农牧交错带 

分 类 号：S162.57[农业科学—农业气象学]