认定海上财产无主程序的法治价值及其制度完善——兼论“三无”船舶治理背景下无人认领海上财产的处置  

The value of rule by law of the procedures for determining a maritime property ownerless and its system improvement——also on the disposal of unclaimed maritime property in the background of governance of non-certified ships

作　　者：吴胜顺 吴霞 WU Sheng-shun;WU Xia(Admiralty Division,Ningbo Maritime Court,Ningbo 315041,China;Admiralty Division,Nanjing Maritme Court,Nanjing 210036,China)

机构地区：[1]宁波海事法院海事审判庭,浙江宁波315041 [2]南京海事法院海事审判庭,江苏南京210036

出　　处：《中国海商法研究》2020年第1期47-55,共9页Chinese Journal of Maritime Law

摘　　要：行政机关在清理、取缔“三无”船舶海上执法过程中,对查获的“三无”船舶及其船载货物,无论所有权是否明确,绝大部分以行政决定方式予以没收;极少数经救助脱险的“三无”船舶及其船载货物,通过申请海事法院认定海上财产无主进行处置。两种方式各有优缺点。结合亲历的申请认定海上财产无主案件和行政机关因错误没收并拆解船舶引起的行政赔偿案件,梳理海上财产无主现象及其处置方式,分析各自存在的法律问题,从实践和理论两个方面阐述认定海上财产无主程序在清理、取缔“三无”船舶海上执法行动中的可行性、适用范围及其法治价值,通过对认定海上财产无主程序中申请人范围、能否提前拍卖船舶及其船载货物、费用申报、拍卖价款处分等争议问题的讨论,有针对性地提出完善法律制度设想,并附立法修改建议稿。During the maritime enforcement process of cleaning up and banning the non-certified ships,most of the non-certified ships and the cargoes carried caught by the administration organs were confiscated by way of issuing administrative decision,regardless of whether their ownerships were known,and very few of them that were rescued from danger were dealt with by way of applying to the maritime court to determine them as ownerless.Both ways have advantages and disadvantages.This article,by reference to the cases regarding determining a maritime property ownerless and administration compensation cases raised by wrongly confiscation and dismantling of the ship by the administrative organ as handled by the authors,outlines the circumstances of unclaimed maritime property and the disposal strategy,analyses their respective legal problems,clarifies the feasibility,scope of application and the value of rule of law of the procedure for determining a maritime property unclaimed in the maritime enforcement process of clearing up and banning the non-certified ship from both practical and theoretical perspective,and by discussing on controversial issues such as the range of applicant in the procedure of determining the maritime property unclaimed,the possibility of auctioning the ship in advance,the declaration of fees,the distribution of auction proceeds,suggestions are made for its system improvement.The draft proposal is attached at the end of the article.

关 键 词：海上财产无主 “三无”船舶 《中华人民共和国海事诉讼特别程序法》 

分 类 号：D925[政治法律—诉讼法学]