汉语“有”字句和存在命题  

On YOU-existentials and Existential Propositions in Chinese

作　　者：李旭平[1] LI Xuping(Department of Chinese,Schoole of Humanities,Zhejiang University,Yuhangtang Road 866,Hangzhou,Zhejiang Province 310058)

机构地区：[1]浙江大学中文系,310058

出　　处：《当代语言学》2020年第2期182-198,共17页Contemporary Linguistics

基　　金：浙江省哲社规划重大课题子课题“汉语比较研究与语言共性和个性的关系”(项目号:19YSXK01ZD-3);浙江大学文科教师教学科研发展专项(2018-2020)资助。

摘　　要：本文主要探讨汉语“有”字句的语义以及它所表达的存在命题的特点。我们认为,汉语的“有”字句采用“领属策略”,而不是“BE策略”表示存在命题。领有动词“有”表示存在时,存在名词仍需遵循“有定效应”,即在该结构中只有弱限定词短语才能被允准。基于其辖域特点、非透明性以及能否获得下限解读或确数解读等方面的特点,我们认为,“有”字句中存在名词具有谓词性特点。我们进一步提出,汉语的领有动词“有”是一个“并入动词”,可以通过“并入”机制和存在性谓词短语实现“合并”。就其语义来说,汉语的“有”字存在句不仅预设了个体的存在,而且它们引介了某种存在关系。此种存在关系可以是关系名词本身所蕴涵的,也可以是非关系性名词被赋予的某种控制关系。This article looks into the semantics of YOU-existentials,with an aim of showing how existential propositions are expressed in Chinese.YOU-sentences are often thought as the closest equivalents to THERE-BE sentences in English,but we argue that they represent two different types of existential sentences.Namely,YOU-sentences employ the HAVE strategy,whereas THERE-BE sentences resort to the BE strategy.According to Partee(1999)and Bassaganyas-Bars and McNally(2019),HAVE-existentials are subject to the same“definiteness effect”(DE)as THERE-BE sentences,in the sense that only weak DPs,but not strong DPs,are allowed to be pivot of existentials.In the same vein,only weak DPs are allowd in YOU-sentences in Chinese.We claim that the existential/pivot NPs are predicative but not argumental.They are characterized with the following three properties:(i)they are restricted to a narrow-scope reading(Williams 1994);(ii)they are interpreted with an opaque reading in intensional contexts(Landman 2004);and(iii)they have the exactly reading only but not the at least reading(Kadmon 1987).We also propose that the verb YOU‘have’is an incorporating verb,which merges with the predicative NP via the mechanism of incorporation.Crucially,we suggest that YOU-existentials do not merely quantify over individuals in the denotation of the existential NP,but that they introduce a certain relation which is either entailed by relational nouns like sister or they introduce some control relation which relates the subject and the individual denoted by common nouns.

关 键 词：有 存在句 并入 控制关系 

分 类 号：H146.3[语言文字—汉语]