四川丘陵旱地玉米穴灌覆膜施肥播种机设计与参数优化  

Design and parameter optimization of maize hole irrigation and plastic film fertilization planter in hilly dry land of Sichuan Province

作　　者：胡云 王小春[1] 陈诚[1] 蔡金雄 蒲甜 张黎骅 杨文钰[1] HU Yun;WANG Xiaochun;CHEN Cheng;CAI Jinxiong;PU Tian;ZHANG Lihua;YANG Wenyu(School of Agronomy,Sichuan Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Crop Ecophysiology and Cultivation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province,Chengdu 611130,China;School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering,SichuanAgricultural University,Ya'an Sichuan 625014,China)

机构地区：[1]四川农业大学农学院,农业农村部西南作物生理生态与耕作重点实验室,作物生理生态及栽培四川省重点实验室,成都611130 [2]四川农业大学机电学院,四川雅安625014

出　　处：《东北农业大学学报》2020年第2期61-68,共8页Journal of Northeast Agricultural University

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFD0300209);国家玉米产业体系专项资助项目(CARS-02-29);四川省育种攻关项目(2016NYZ0051-2)。

摘　　要：四川丘陵地区冬干春旱,玉米播种时需浇水造墒、覆膜防旱,生产中常因缺水、水资源浪费严重、工序繁多等问题,严重制约玉米生产。研究设计一款集开沟施肥、精量播种、精准穴灌、盖土覆膜于一体的穴灌覆膜施肥播种机。通过盆栽试验确定土壤水分含量为13%(±0.5%)、15%(±0.5%)和17%(±0.5%)时,最低穴灌量分别为0.20、0.16和0.14 L时玉米可获得较高出苗率并保证苗期正常生长。结合推广玉米-大豆带状套作模式确定水箱容积为0.4 m3,播种机主要由水箱、肥箱、穴播排肥器、种箱、精量玉米播种盘、开沟器、智能穴喷控制器、地膜轮等核心构件组成。播种时,智能穴喷控制器接受精量玉米播种盘排种红外传感信号,通过间歇性通电和通电时间精确控制灌水位置和灌水量。大田试验表明,样机播种符合农业部制定播种机质量评价技术规范,样机灌水量为每公顷4.5 m3,常规灌溉用水为每公顷22.5 m3。与常规灌溉不覆膜机播相比,样机水分利用率提高31.03%,产量提高30.13%。研究结果可为四川丘陵旱地播种机研制和应用提供参考。With the winter dry and spring drought in the hilly areas of Sichuan,the maize planting needs watering to make soil moisture and film mulching to prevent drought.However,the production of maize in this area is often restricted by water shortage,serious waste of water resources and many processes.In order to solve the problem,this paper designed a hole irrigation and film mulching fertilizer planter which integrateed ditch fertilization,precision planting,precision hole irrigation and covering soil.Pot experiments showed that maize could obtain higher seedling emergence rate and normal growth at the seedling stage when the soil moisture content was 13%(±0.5%),15%(±0.5%)and 17%(±0.5%),respectively,and the lowest irrigation amount was 0.20,0.16 and 0.14 L.The water tank volume was determined to be 0.4 m3 based on the widely popularized maize-soybean intercropping model.The planter was mainly composed of water tank,fertilizer box,hole sowing and fertilizer discharging device,maize box,precision maize seeding plate,ditch opener,intelligent hole spraying controller,plastic film wheel and other core components.When planting,the intelligent hole spraying controller received the infrared sensing signal of precision maize planting tray planting,and precisely controled the irrigation water level and quantity by intermittent electrification and electrification time.The field test showed that the prototype sowing conformed to the technical specifications for the quality evaluation of the seeder formulated by the Ministry of Agriculture.The irrigation volume of the prototype was 4.5 m3·hm-2,and the conventional irrigation water was 22.5 m3·hm-2.Compared with the conventional irrigation without film mulching,the water use efficiency of the prototype was increased by 31.03%and the yield was increased by 30.13%.The research results provided reference for the development and application of maize planter in hilly dry land of Sichuan.

关 键 词：玉米 播种机 穴灌量 智能喷灌器 覆膜 一体化 

分 类 号：S223.24[农业科学—农业机械化工程]