启蒙运动中希伯来语与文言文的不同命运、原因及反思  

Different Destinies of Hebrew and Classical Chinese In Enlightenment Movements,Their Causes and Introspection on Them

作　　者：李俊宇 LI Junyu(School of Language and Culture,Ningde Normal University,Ningde Fujian 352100,China)

机构地区：[1]宁德师范学院语言与文化学院,福建宁德352100

出　　处：《江苏科技大学学报（社会科学版）》2020年第1期49-57,共9页Journal of Jiangsu University of Science and Technology(Social Science Edition)

基　　金：福建省社科规划项目“当代美国犹太小说中大屠杀记忆的现实主义叙述”(FJ2019X008);宁德师范学院校级项目“菲利普·罗斯作品中的疾病叙事研究”(2016Q01)。

摘　　要：希伯来语与文言文同为“古文”,但在一先一后的启蒙运动浪潮推动下,前者得以复兴,而后者却逐渐衰微。比较两种语言在启蒙运动中的发展历程可以发现,希伯来语得以复兴在很大程度上归功于启蒙运动催生的犹太复国主义者、现代犹太文学家以及将希伯来语口语化的语言学家们的不懈努力,而希伯来语与作为犹太传统文化核心的犹太教息息相关是犹太复国主义者选择希伯来语而非意第绪语的根本原因。相较而言,在新文化运动中,胡适、茅盾等人的努力促使了文言文退场和白话文兴起,文言文没有走向口语而停留在书面语阶段也是其难免衰微的重要原因。在启蒙思潮中,在对待文言文与希伯来语问题上,中犹都出现过“欧化”思潮,这是对传统的背弃。处理好传统与现代、本土文化与外来文化的关系是都具有悠久历史的中华民族和犹太民族所常常面对的棘手问题。犹太民族的成功经验值得借鉴。传统是一个民族复兴并走向世界的起点,但坚持传统为立足点不是守旧不变,吸纳创新是使传统充满活力的秘诀。Both Hebrew and classical Chinese are"ancient languages",the former of which was revived,and the latter of which declined under the push of Enlightenment.Through the comparison of developing process of two languages in Enlightenment,we can see that the revival of Hebrew is due to the great efforts of Zionists,modern Jewish writers,Jewish linguists who devoted their life to the colloquialization of Hebrew,all of whom were inspired by Enlightenment.And the essential reason why Zionists chose Hebrew instead of Yiddish is that Hebrew is connected closely with Judaism which is the core of Jewish traditional culture.In comparison,in New Culture Movement the efforts of such revolutionaries as Hushi,Maodun impelled the exit of classical Chinese and rising of vernacular Chinese.And one important reason for it is that classical Chinese stayed at the stage of written language instead of moving towards oral language.In Enlightenment,in the issues of classical Chinese and Hebrew,"Europeanization"trend of thought appeared in both China and Jewish kingdom,which is the betrayal of tradition.Both the Chinese nation and the Jewish nation with long history are often faced with the difficult problem on how to deal with relations between tradition and modern,local culture and foreign culture.The successful experience of the Jewish nation is worth learning,that is,tradition is the starting point of a nation′s rejuvenation and going to the world,but sticking to tradition as an anchor point is not the same as adhering to past practices and absorbing innovation is the secret to make tradition full of vitality.

关 键 词：文言文 白话文 新文化运动 希伯来语 意第绪语 启蒙运动 

分 类 号：H0-09[语言文字—语言学]