阿尔都塞双重意识形态界说中的“斯宾诺莎迂回”及其理性主义内核  

The Detour via Spinoza in Althusser’s Two-fold Definition of Ideology and Its Rationalist Stake

作　　者：王春明 Wang Chunming(School of Philosophy,Fudan University,Shanghai 200433,China)

机构地区：[1]复旦大学哲学学院,上海200433

出　　处：《复旦学报（社会科学版）》2020年第2期10-19,共10页Fudan Journal（Social Sciences）

基　　金：国家社会科学基金青年项目“巴塔耶生存论思想研究”(项目批准号:17CZX043)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：自其发端伊始,阿尔都塞的双重意识形态界说就包含着对于斯宾诺莎学说持续而独特的阐述与调用。具体而言,通过先行建立"意识形态"与"第一类知识"在概念上的等同,亦即认定这两个概念所把握的其实是相同的对象,阿尔都塞一方面带着走出黑格尔辩证法的理论意图,将科学与意识形态之间的关系定性为"断裂",而这种"断裂"在他看来,早已由斯宾诺莎建立在第二类知识和第一类知识之间的绝对"断裂"上;另一方面,则提出斯宾诺莎所说的第一类知识与其说是纯粹意义上的知识,而毋宁说是被想象性主体所体验到的生活世界,在此基础上,作为主体化或构造主体之机制,意识形态乃是一种"永恒"的社会性实存。经由这样的双重界说,阿尔都塞以应和斯宾诺莎式理性主义的方式宣称,虽然作为科学,马克思主义理论与意识形态本性迥异,但归根结底,该理论的实践任务是且必须是回到作为唯一现实之生活世界形式的意识形态世界中去,激发能够塑造斗争主体、召唤斗争主体的"科学意识形态",并由此实效地发挥出自身作为科学理论所具有的解放性力量。种种迹象表明,阿尔都塞自称的斯宾诺莎主义绝非纯粹理论回溯之产物,它是阿尔都塞式马克思主义得以构成的根基。Since its very beginning, Althusser’s two-fold definition of ideology is fundamentally related to his incessant and specific reading of Spinoza. Taking "ideology" for a synonym of the Dutch philosopher’s "first kind of knowledge," in that they refers to the same object seized in concept, Althusser not only interpreted the so-called "epistemological break" between science and ideology-a conception supposed to be radically anti-hegelian-as a Spinozist notion avant la lettre, for a break of same nature could be found between the first and second knowledge, but also declared that as far as it shapes the life-world lived by an imaginary subject and thus is not reducible to pure "knowledge," ideology, whose function being that of subjectivation, is an eternal social reality. Such a two-fold definition of ideology, to which a detour via Spinoza is indispensable, has led Althusser to insist that no matter how scientific and therefore non-ideological it is, Marxism should always address itself to the ideological world-the latter being the only real form of life-world-to the extent that one of its practical tasks is precisely to give birth to a "scientific ideology," ie., that by which militant subjects can be formed and recruited, and to unleash the power of liberation inherent to it as scientific theory. It appears therefore quite clear that Althusser’s referring to Spinoza is not a pure product of theoretical reconstruction, but the very foundation of what is usually called his "structuralist Marxism."

关 键 词：意识形态 断裂永恒 主体 斯宾诺莎主义 

分 类 号：B565.59[哲学宗教—外国哲学]