新结构主义政治分析模型——马克思主义结构分析的回溯与发展  

The New Structural Analysis Path of Politics--Retrospection and Development of Marxist Structural Analysis

作　　者：吴晓林[1] Wu Xiaolin(Zhou Enlai School of Government,Nankai University,Tianjin 300350,China)

机构地区：[1]南开大学周恩来政府管理学院,天津300350

出　　处：《复旦学报（社会科学版）》2020年第2期131-144,共14页Fudan Journal（Social Sciences）

基　　金：国家自科基金面上项目“中国城市封闭社区的空间生产、社会效应与治理机制研究”(项目批准号:71774175);天津市教委社科重大项目“迈向小康社会后天津市社区治理现代化体系研究”(项目批准号:2019JWZD21);中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助项目的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：结构分析首先是一种方法论,它力图避免表层和碎片化的认知方式,更利于揭示社会发展本质、寻找社会深层逻辑。基于结构分析的三大命题与四种分析工具,文章批判性分析了"结构功能主义、法国结构主义学派、建构主义结构化理论学派"的问题,其问题的根源在于弃守了马克思主义"人是关系中的人"的本质判断,默认了生产者与生产资料相分离的所有制结构。马克思主义的结构分析,定位于政治社会变迁的"高阶结构分析",以"结构化中的人"和阶级为行动主体,强调主体依靠的生产资料占有及其权力条件,并重视结构与行动主体的链接。基于此,尝试构建一个马克思主义指导的新结构主义政治分析模型,它首先承认社会由"社会性的个体"组成,行动主体与结构均具有"二重性";其次依据结构定位确定主体层次;再次分析行动主体依靠的"权力与资源"条件;最后由过程入手分析主体与结构的"互构"。当下的结构分析,要更加强调过程研究,增强社会变迁以及新情况、新变化的解释。First of all, the structural analysis is a kind of methodology, which seeks to avoid superficial and fragmented cognitive style, and more conducive to revealing the essence of social development and finding deep social logic. Based on the three major propositions and four analytical tools of the structural analysis, the article critically analyzes the problems of the "structural functionalism, the French structuralist scholars, and the constructivist structural theory." The root of the problem lies in their abandoning the essential judgment of Marxism that "man is a person in a relationship" and acquiescing to the ownership structure in which producers are separated from the means of production. Retrospecting Marxist discourse, its structural analysis is positioned in the "high-level structural one" of political and social changes, taking "people in the structure" and class as the action subject, emphasizing the possession of the means of production and its power conditions on which the subject relies, and attaching importance to the link between the structure and the action subject. Based on these, this article attempts to build a Marxist-led new political structure analysis model. It firstly acknowledges that society is composed of "social individuals," and that action subject and structure have "duality." Secondly, the level of the subject is determined according to the position of the structure. Thirdly, it analyzes the conditions of "power and resources" on which the subject relies. Finally, the process is used to analyze the "mutual construction" between the subject and the structure. The current structural analysis should place more emphasis on the process research and enhance the explanation of social changes.

关 键 词：结构主义 马克思主义 结构功能主义 社会变迁 

分 类 号：A811[哲学宗教—马克思主义哲学]