阿多诺对海德格尔存在论的外在批判  

On Adorno’s External Critique of Heidegger’s Being

作　　者：王晓升[1] Wang Xiaosheng

机构地区：[1]华中科技大学哲学系,湖北武汉430074

出　　处：《南京社会科学》2020年第3期71-78,共8页Nanjing Journal of Social Sciences

基　　金：国家社科基金项目“阿多诺现代性批判理论深度研究”(19AZX002)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：阿多诺认为,海德格尔的存在论实际上就是找到社会生活之中最根本的东西,即存在的结构。海德格尔所说的这种存在结构是从当代社会的功能联系中抽象出来的,他把这种功能联系实体化。这种功能联系的实体化又是与语言中的"是"这个词的综合功能相对应的。海德格尔试图用现象学方法来把握"存在",然而,阿多诺认为,科学的认识方法和哲学的认识方法是不同的,用科学中的那种直观方法是无法把握存在的。当海德格尔把存在和存在者分离开来的时候,存在就无法直接显示它自身。既然存在无法显示自身,那么这种东西就不能被概括在"存在"概念中。"存在"是指不存在于这个概念中的东西。于是作为一个概念"存在"没有具体的规定性,是"X"。于是,在海德格尔那里"存在"成为一个非常特殊的概念。按照阿多诺的分析,它是命题。因为任何一个命题,甚至分析命题都是综合。如果存在是一个概念的话,那么它就违背语言表达的基本规则。既然存在概念是一个空洞概念,它没有内涵,于是它只能有语用学意义。于是这个词的意思只能从使用这个词的整个文化中去理解。一般来说字词的意义涉及所指和所指对象。"存在"没有所指,但是有所指对象。存在这个词和它的所指对象是联系在一起的。因此,在海德格尔那里,存在一词的意义和存在的意义是一致的。而存在的意义就是人所生存于其中文化所规定的。理解存在的意义和理解存在一词的语用学意义是一致的。For Adorno, Heidegger’s ontology actually is to find the ultimate foundation of social life, namely the structure of being. The structure of being in Heidegger is abstracted from the functional relation of modern society. He hypostasizes this functional relation. The hopostasization of the functional relation corresponds to the synthesis function of the word "is" in language. Heidegger tries to comprehend "being" with phenomenological method. However Adorno thinks, the method of scientific recognition and the method of philosophical recognition are different, the intuitional method in science could not comprehend being. When Heidegger distinguishes being(Sein) and existents(Seiendes), being could not shows itself directly. Since being could not show itself, then it could not be summarized under the concept of "being". "Being" signifies what could not be included in the concept. Then as a concept, "being" has no specific determinations, is "X". So in Heidegger, "being" is a very special concept. According to Adorno, it is thesis. Because every thesis is a kind of synthesis. If being is a concept, then it would be against the basic rule of linguistic expression. Since the concept of being is an empty concept, has no content, then it could only has pragmatic meaning. The meaning of the word could only be understood in the entire culture which use the word. Generally speaking, the meaning of a word has two aspects, one is signified, the other is the object which is signified. "Being" has no meaning signified, and only has object signified. The word being is connected with the object signified. So in Heidegger, the word "being" has the same meaning as being. The meaning of being is determined by the culture which human beings live in. To understand the meaning of being is the same as to understanding the pragmatic meaning of being.

关 键 词：存在 存在论 海德格尔 阿多诺 

分 类 号：B089.1[哲学宗教—哲学理论]