最大幸福,最大多数人的幸福,抑或最大多数人的最大幸福?——论功利原则的界定问题  

The Greatest Happiness,the Happiness for the Greatest Number of People,or the Greatest Happiness for the Greatest Number——On the Definition of the Utility Principle

作　　者：杨伟清[1] YANG Wei-qing(School of Philosophy,Renmin University of China,Beijing100872,China)

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学哲学院,北京100872

出　　处：《齐鲁学刊》2020年第2期84-91,共8页Qilu Journal

基　　金：中国人民大学科研项目“密尔的《功利主义》研究”(14XNJ028)。

摘　　要：在界定功利原则时,我们至少有三个选项,即最大幸福原则,最大多数人的幸福原则,以及最大多数人的最大幸福原则。最大多数人的最大幸福原则要求人们的行为既要增进幸福的总量,又要顾及幸福的人数。增加幸福的总量与给尽可能多的人带来幸福有时确实可以为同一个行为满足,但有时则只能为不同的行为满足。当追求最大幸福与追求最大多数人的幸福出现冲突时,功利主义者必须要澄清自己的根本承诺究竟是什么。若必须在最大幸福原则与最大多数人的幸福原则之间进行抉择,它定然会是一个两难的抉择,因为无论最大幸福原则还是最大多数人的幸福原则都有很强的直觉上的力量,有比较深厚的人性或观念的基础。虽然很难选择,但功利主义者事实上的确作出了选择。他们选择的是最大幸福原则,这可以从功利主义者特别重视的加总排序或人际比较与不偏不倚或客观性的要求得到解释。可是,事实上的选择并不一定是应该的选择,也许最大多数人的幸福原则才是更好的选项。When defining the utility principle,we have at least three options,the greatest happiness principle,the happiness for the greatest number of people principle,and the greatest happiness for the greatest number principle.The third principle asks us to both promote the sum total of happiness and concern the number of happy people.Promoting the sum total of happiness and procuring happiness for the greatest number of people can sometimes be satisfied by the same course of action,but sometimes it is not the case.If faced with the conflict between the pursuit of the greatest happiness and the happiness for the greatest number of people,the utilitarian must clarify what their fundamental commitment is.The question is that,if the utilitarian must choose between the greatest happiness and the happiness for the greatest number of people,it is doomed to be a hard choice.The reason for this kind of situation is that both the greatest happiness principle and the happiness for the greatest number of people principle have very strong intuitive appeals,which is related to their deep basis in human nature or ideas.Difficult as it is,the choice is already made by the utilitarian.They opt for the greatest happiness principle.This can be explained by the two requirements emphasized by the utilitarian:the requirement of sum-ranking or interpersonal comparison and the requirement of impartiality or impersonality.But the actual choice is not necessarily a good choice;maybe the happiness for the greatest number of people is a better option.

关 键 词：最大幸福原则 最大多数人的幸福原则 最大多数人的最大幸福原则 加总排序 人际比较 不偏不倚或客观性 

分 类 号：B82[哲学宗教—伦理学]