殷周之际的宗教革命与人文精神  

Humanistic Spirit of the Western Zhou Dynasty and Religious Revolution in Late Shang and Western Zhou Period

作　　者：赵法生[1] Zhao Fasheng

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院世界宗教研究所,北京100732

出　　处：《文史哲》2020年第3期63-77,166,共16页Literature,History,and Philosophy

摘　　要：西周文明中的人文理性是中华人文精神的基础,受20世纪反宗教思潮的影响,学界过去往往将其起源归结为对宗教的反动。分析以往关于西周人文精神形成的几种主要观点和殷周之变的宗教内涵,可以发现上述结论过于简单和片面,遮蔽了殷周之际中华精神演变的本来面目。实际上,轴心时代之前的中华文明依然处于宗教时代,殷周之变也并没有消灭宗教。不过,它完成了对殷商自然宗教的历史性突破而创立了一种新的伦理宗教,正是新的伦理宗教孕育了西周的人文精神。伦理宗教不但产生了新的至上神(天),产生了对于神意的新解读即以德为核心的天命观,而且产生了天人之际沟通关联的新的渠道与形式,最终使得道德性天意所关照的社会领域不是减少而是扩大了,天人之际的联系不是削弱而是加强了。因此,西周人文理性的产生虽然是传统自然宗教弱化的结果,但同时也是新生的伦理宗教深化的产物,不理解新生伦理宗教与人文理性之间的内生关系,不理解伦理宗教对人文理性的孕育开创之功,就无法揭开西周文明和精神的秘密。The humanistic reason in the Western Zhou civilization is the foundation of Chinese humanistic spirit.Being affected by anti-religious ideology in the 20 th century,it was considered as a reaction against religion by academia in the past years.Nevertheless,the author believes that the Chinese civilization before the Axial Age was still in the religious period,and the changes in late Shang and Western Zhou did not eliminate religion.Actually,those changes can be considered as a revolutionary transformation of natural religion in Shang dynasty and a new creation of ethical religion,which bred the humanistic spirit of Western Zhou and produced a new supreme god(Heaven)as well as developed a new interpretation of Heaven’s will-matching one’s virtue with that of Heaven.Besides,a new way connecting human with Heaven was created and thus the bond between Heaven and human got strengthened with the influence of moral providence got broadened.The birth of humanistic spirit in Western Zhou was not only the attenuation of traditional natural religion but also the fruit of the development of new ethical religion.The key to understanding the civilization of Western Zhou lies in the comprehension of the endogenous relation between new ethical religion and humanistic reason.

关 键 词：自然宗教 伦理宗教 天命 德 民本 宗教深化 人文理性 

分 类 号：B929[哲学宗教—宗教学] K223[历史地理—历史学] K224[历史地理—中国史]