污水处理设施中微生物气溶胶的产生、传播及风险评估  

Generation,transmission and risk assessment of microbial aerosols in sewage treatment facilities

作　　者：程荣[1] 亓畅 石磊[1] 张巍[1] 郑祥[1] Cheng Rong;Qi Chang;Shi Lei;Zhang Wei;Zheng Xiang(School of Environment and Natural Resources,Renmin University of China,Beijing 100872,China)

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学环境学院,北京100872

出　　处：《给水排水》2020年第4期59-69,共11页Water & Wastewater Engineering

基　　金：国家水体污染控制与治理科技重大专项(2017ZX07102-002);中国人民大学科学研究基金(19XNLG21)。

摘　　要：污水处理厂是微生物气溶胶,尤其是病毒气溶胶的重要发源地。为进一步开展污水处理设施排放微生物气溶胶的相关研究工作,对国内外污水处理厂的微生物气溶胶研究进展进行系统梳理。微生物从水相到气相的转移发生在包括格栅间、初沉池、曝气池、污泥浓缩池、污泥脱水间等在内的每个处理单元。其中,生物处理单元是微生物气溶胶产生的关键区域。不同种类的微生物向空气逸散的速率不同,其浓度在气相与液相中的比值在10^-4~10^-9波动。在一定距离内,随着与微生物气溶胶发源地水平距离的增加,气溶胶中微生物浓度快速降低,病毒比细菌的浓度下降更为显著。环境温度、湿度、风速、光照等气象条件对微生物气溶胶的逸散有重要的影响。微生物风险评估表明:污水处理厂的微生物气溶胶对厂区的工人和周边居民造成了健康威胁。应及时建立风险评估标准,并从产生源头及传播途径两方面采取对应的控制措施。Sewage treatment plant is an important source of microbial aerosol,especially virus aerosol.In order to further develop the research work of microbial aerosols discharged from sewage treatment facilities,the research progress of microbial aerosols in sewage treatment plants at home and abroad was reviewed.The transfer of microorganisms from the water phase to the gas phase occurs at each treatment unit including grille room,primary settling tank,aeration tank,sludge concentration tank,sludge dewatering room and so on.Among them,biological treatment unit is the key area for the generation of microbial aerosol.Different kinds of microbes escape into the air at different rates.The ratio of its concentration in the gas phase to that in the liquid phase fluctuates between 10^-4 and 10^-9.In a certain distance,with the increase of the horizontal distance from the source of microbial aerosol,the microbial concentration in the aerosol decreased rapidly.The drop in virus concentrations was more pronounced than in bacteria.Ambient temperature,humidity,wind speed,illumination and other meteorological conditions have important effects on the dispersion of microbial aerosols.The microbial risk assessment shows that the microbial aerosol in the sewage treatment plant not only poses a health threat to the workers in the plant,but also poses a health risk to the surrounding residents.The risk assessment standard should be established in time.And the corresponding control measures should be taken from the source and the way of transmission.

关 键 词：微生物气溶胶 病毒 传播 暴露风险 公共卫生 

分 类 号：TU992[建筑科学—市政工程]