超高温堆肥提高土壤养分有效性和水稻产量的机理  

Mechanisms of hyperthermophilic compost in improving soil nutrient availability and rice yield

作　　者：曹云[1] 黄红英[1] 吴华山[1] 徐跃定[1] 陈应江[2] CAO Yun;HUANG Hong-ying;WU Hua-shan;XU Yue-ding;CHEN Ying-jiang(Recycle Agricultural Research Center,Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Crop and Livestock Integrated Farming,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization,Nanjing,Jiangsu 210014,China;Institute of Agricultural Sciences in the Coastal District of Jiangsu Province,Yancheng 224002,China)

机构地区：[1]江苏省农业科学院循环农业研究中心/农业农村部种养结合重点实验室/江苏省有机固体废弃物资源化协同创新中心,江苏南京210014 [2]江苏沿海地区农业科学研究所,江苏盐城224002

出　　处：《植物营养与肥料学报》2020年第3期481-491,共11页Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(41701340);国家重点研发项目(2016YFD0201206);国家水体污染控制与治理科技重大专项(2017ZX07202004);江苏省农业自主创新项目(CX(18)3016)。

摘　　要：【目的】超高温堆肥发酵时间短,铵态氮和有机酸含量均较高,但发酵产物腐熟不完全。研究超高温堆肥施入土壤后对作物生长和产量的影响,为其安全有效使用提供科学依据。【方法】采用两季盆栽试验,设置了不施氮肥对照(N0)、单施化肥(CF)和等氮条件下分别以20%普通有机肥氮(CvC)、发酵原料氮(FRM)、超高温堆肥产物氮(HTC)与80%无机氮配施共5个处理。调查了水稻长势,收获期测产,并取样分析了氮磷钾吸收量,同时测定了土壤中速效氮磷钾养分和微生物活性。【结果】HTC处理水稻产量、分蘖数、穗粒数、植株吸氮量和氮素回收率均最高,2016、2017年HTC处理籽粒产量分别比CF处理提高了25.8%、32.8%,比CvC处理提高了22.4%、16.5%,水稻穗粒数分别比CvC提高了26.8%、37.5%(P<0.05)。2016、2017年HTC处理总钾累积量分别比CvC高出45.5%、33.9%(P<0.05)。两年试验中,CvC和HTC处理的水稻氮素回收率显著高于CF处理,HTC处理又高于CvC处理(2016年达显著水平)。水稻收获后,HTC处理的土壤有机碳、矿质氮含量显著高于CvC处理,而CvC处理的土壤有效磷含量显著高于HTC处理。HTC处理土壤有机质中可溶性有机碳如挥发性有机酸、游离氨基酸等含量明显高于CvC处理,因而土壤AWCD值最高,微生物活性最强。CvC处理土壤微生物对碳水化合物、胺类的利用率较高,HTC处理的对羧酸、氨基酸类利用率较高。回归分析表明,水稻产量与土壤电导率、土壤有机碳含量、土壤全氮含量及AWCD值呈显著的正相关关系;相关分析表明,土壤矿质氮含量、植株钾累计吸收量均与土壤全氮含量及AWCD值呈显著正相关关系。【结论】尽管超高温堆肥在物料腐熟程度上不如普通有机肥,但该工艺处理时间短,温度高,在确保杀灭有害微生物的同时,保留了较高的碳和氮含量。在20%N替代水平下,施用超高温堆肥对水稻产量和氮素回收率�【Objectives】Due to short fermentation time,the hyperthermophilic compost(HTC)is rich in nitrogen and small organic compounds.The effect of HTC application on the growth and yield of rice was studied for the safe and effective use of HTC.【Methods】Two seasons of pot experiment were conducted using rice as tested crop.Five treatments were designed,including:zero-nitrogen control(N0);100%chemical fertilizer(CF);and replacing 20%of the chemical N with conventional compost(CvC),raw fermented material(FRM)and hyperthermophilic compost(HTC).The growth,yield of rice,nutrient uptake and use efficiency and soil fertility were measured after harvest of rice.【Results】Rice in HTC treatment had the highest grain yield,tiller number,grain number per ear,grain N uptake and N recovery efficiency.In 2016 and 2017,the rice grain yields in HTC were 25.8%and 32.8%higher than those in CF,and 22.4%and 16.5%higher than those in CvC.The number of grains per ear in HTC was 26.8%and 37.5%higher than that in CvC in 2016 and 2017;total K uptake in HTC was 45.5%and 33.9%higher than that in CvC in 2016 and 2017,respectively.The N recovery efficiency in both HTC and CvC treatments was significantly higher than that in CF,and that in HTC was significantly higher than in CvC in 2016.After rice harvest,the soil organic C content of HTC treatment was 14.4%–42.3%higher than CK and 4.12%–26.2%higher than CvC,respectively.HTC improved significantly soil organic C and mineral N than CvC,while the CvC was more conducive to maintaining higher soil available P content.The content of soluble organic C such as volatile organic acids and free amino acids in HTC was significantly higher than that of CvC,so the HTC treated soil had the highest average well color development(AWCD)and the strongest microbial activity.CvC treatment increased the utilization of carbohydrates and amines,while and the utilization of carboxylic acids and amino acids were enhanced by HTC treatment.There was a significant positive relationship between rice yield and soil

关 键 词：超高温堆肥 水稻 氮素利用率 BIOLOG 有机肥 

分 类 号：S511[农业科学—作物学] S158