纳米材料在增强肿瘤免疫应答中的应用  

Application of nanomaterials in antitumor immune response enhancement

作　　者：陈贝贝 曹萌轩 郝明强 赵晓艺 赵娜娜 徐福建[1] Beibei Chen;Mengxuan Cao;Mingqiang Hao;Xiaoyi Zhao;Nana Zhao;Fu-Jian Xu(State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering,Beijing University of Chemical Technology,Beijing 100029,China)

机构地区：[1]北京化工大学,化工资源有效利用国家重点实验室,北京100029

出　　处：《科学通报》2020年第12期1103-1118,共16页Chinese Science Bulletin

基　　金：国家重点研究发展计划(2016YFA0201501,2017YFA0106100);国家自然科学基金(51773013,51733001);中央高校基本科研业务费专项(BHYC1705A,XK1802-2)资助。

摘　　要：由于癌细胞存在免疫耐受性特征,包括低免疫原性、弱抗原呈递和低T细胞浸润,高抑制性受体和细胞因子的表达,可以轻易逃脱免疫细胞的攻击,产生免疫逃逸,使机体无法产生足够强烈的肿瘤特异性免疫应答.纳米材料由于其独特的性质,如可调控尺寸、独特的表面性质、易于修饰等,在免疫治疗中有潜在的重要作用.本文总结了纳米材料增强肿瘤免疫应答的几种方式,通过典型示例重点介绍了近年来增强免疫应答的纳米材料,并讨论其增强机制;同时对这些纳米材料的发展方向及其在肿瘤免疫治疗中的应用潜力进行了展望.Cancer cells are well recognized by immunotolerance characteristics, which include low immunogenicity, weak antigen presentation, low T cell infiltration, and high expression of inhibitory receptors and cytokines. This typical mechanism allows cancer cells to easily avoid the attack by immune cells, resulting in immune escape. Due to unique properties, such as adjustable size, unique surface properties, and ease of modification, nanomaterials have shown great potential in the field of immunotherapy. In this review, we summarize several ways in which nanomaterials can enhance the immune response against tumor cells. Therefore, we presently discuss the potential mechanisms involved in the induction of immune response by a series of nanomaterials. As a result, we also propose the generation of more advanced and tumordriven nanomaterials, as well as their potential applications in tumor immunotherapy.According to the route of tumor immunity, we have currently classified nanomaterials into three categories:(1)Nanomaterials with inherent immunoregulatory functions,(2) nanomaterials that, upon an exogenous response, trigger immunogenic cell death and/or enhance immune responses, and(3) nanomaterials that are used as delivery vehicles to unload other immune-activating molecules(e.g., chemical drugs, photosensitizers, proteins and DNA plasmids) to tumors or immune cells as well as immune-activating molecules that may enhance an immune response. Some natural or synthetic nanomaterials can inherently stimulate macrophage polarization and enhance immune response. As such, nanomaterials may polarize M2 macrophages into M1 macrophages by regulating the cellular phenotype, reversing the tumor immune microenvironment and, ultimately, improving an immune cell killing activity. Cytokines or compounds with immune stimulating functions can enhance an immune response by promoting the proliferation of immune cells such as T lymphocytes and NK cells. Moreover, some nanomaterials rely on their own electrical properties or responsiveness

关 键 词：免疫应答 纳米颗粒 增强方式 免疫机制 特异性免疫应答 

分 类 号：R730.3[医药卫生—肿瘤] TB383.1[医药卫生—临床医学]