技术与超人--尼采超人哲学的再评估  

Technology and Overman--Revisiting Nietzsche’s Overman Philosophy

作　　者：王志伟[1] Wang Zhiwei(School of Philosophy,Fudan University,Shanghai 200433,China)

机构地区：[1]复旦大学哲学学院,上海200433

出　　处：《复旦学报（社会科学版）》2020年第3期43-52,共10页Fudan Journal（Social Sciences）

摘　　要：尼采的超人哲学是对西方理性形而上学关于人的理性本质及其各种附属价值设定的根本否定,而转向以躯体为出发点的哲学思考。必须看到这种超人哲学是西方形而上学自身孕育出的结果,虽然它直接地将矛头指向既往几乎所有的哲学。正是在此意义上,超人才成为西方形而上学历史上完成了的主体性的最高主体。同时也需要强调这绝不仅仅意味着一场西方思想史内部的事件,即只是单纯由于理论内部的张力而导致的思想上的转折,它具有不可忽视的现实性。如果我们不去更深地领会并评估尼采发动这场斗争的时代背景、思想前提和政治动机,那么就容易导致对其超人哲学所具有的革命性估计不足,并忽视其当代影响。这种带有强烈西方中心论和强人政治色彩的超人学说本质上不仅只是西方的,它超越东方和西方思想的区别而具有全球性的重大意义,直接关系到当代高科技背景下生命政治实践领域激烈的斗争。尼采的超人本质上是以争夺对地球的无条件统治权为目的的人类自身塑造,这是一种具有明确政治立场和担当的哲学进路。但是,在"何以超人?"的问题上尼采暴露出其思想的根本性弊端:他归根结底还是企求于一种完全肯定性的精神动力来实现这一转变,而基本忽视了技术活动与人类的生成与超越之间的本质联系。Nietzsche’s philosophy of Overman constitutes a fundamental negation of the rational Western metaphysics on the rational nature of human beings and the various values attached to this nature, and thus is a turn to philosophical thinking starting from the body. It is important to note that the Overman philosophy is born within Western metaphysics itself, although it directly opposes almost all previous Western philosophies. It is in this sense that the Overman has become the ultimate subject of subjectivity completed in the history of Western metaphysics. Meanwhile, it must be emphasized that this turn is not a mere internal event during the history of Western thoughts, i.e. a turn in thought caused by tensions within theories;its connection with reality must not be ignored. Without understanding and evaluating the background, ideological premise and political motivation of this struggle launched by Nietzsche, we would easily be led to an insufficient estimation of the revolutionary potential of the Overman philosophy and neglect its contemporary influence. This kind of Overman philosophy with strong characteristics of Western-centrism and strongman politics is not only western in nature, but also has global significance in that it goes beyond the differences between Eastern and Western thoughts and is directly related to the fierce struggles in the field of bio-political practice under the background of modern high technology. In essence, Nietzsche’s Overman is the self-shaping of humanity for the purpose of fighting for the unconditional domination of Earth, which is a philosophical approach with a clear political position and a sense of responsibility. However, in dealing with the question "How is the Overman possible?", the fundamental defects of his thought are exposed: at the end of the day, he is still seeking for a completely positive spiritual power to realize this transformation and thus is basically ignoring the essential connection between technological activities and the generation and transcenden

关 键 词：超人 技术 超人类主义 

分 类 号：B516.47[哲学宗教—外国哲学]