淡水沉积物中重金属生物有效性的研究进展  

Research Advance in Bioavailability of Heavy Metals in Freshwater Sediment

作　　者：张志 张润宇[1] 王立英[1] 薛珂 ZHANG Zhi;ZHANG Runyu;WANG Liying;XUE Ke(State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry,Institute of Geochemistry,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Guiyang 550081,China;University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100049,China)

机构地区：[1]中国科学院地球化学研究所环境地球化学国家重点实验室,贵阳550081 [2]中国科学院大学,北京100049

出　　处：《地球与环境》2020年第3期385-394,共10页Earth and Environment

基　　金：国家自然科学基金委员会-贵州喀斯特科学研究中心联合项目(U1612442);国家自然科学基金项目(41573133)。

摘　　要：淡水重金属污染已成为全球关注的热点环境问题之一。沉积物作为重金属的重要储库与污染内源,可对水环境质量及水生态系统产生严重危害。生物有效性是评价重金属生物可利用性及其毒性效应的关键指标,研究淡水沉积物中重金属的生物有效性与调控机制,有助于阐明重金属的污染机理及其生态环境效应,可为重金属的污染防治提供科技支撑。本文回溯了沉积物重金属生物有效性的定义内涵、发展历史,重点介绍了重金属生物有效性评价的主要方法、适用性及其优缺点,归纳了影响重金属生物有效性的主要因素与内在机制,概述了目前国内外典型河流、湖泊和水库等淡水水体沉积物中相关研究的最新进展。本文进一步指出,在今后研究中亟需整合现有分析方法,形成统一的沉积物重金属生物有效性评价指标与方法体系,并开展权威实验室比对研究。同时,应考虑不同淡水生态系统的区域差异性,采用生物监测方法与原位被动采样技术相结合,将生物配位体模型纳入重金属的生态毒理效应研究中。最终,依据不同淡水环境的特性,尽快建立相应的沉积物重金属质量基准,加强重金属环境污染的科学管理。Heavy metal pollution in the freshwater environment has become one of global concerns. Sediment acts as an important storage and internal source of heavy metals and can cause serious harm to water quality and aquatic ecology. Bioavailability is a key index for evaluating bioavailability and toxicity of heavy metals. Investigating bioavailability and driving factor of heavy metals in freshwater sediment will help to elucidate pollution mechanism and eco-environmental effects of heavy metals and can provide scientific and technological supports for the pollution control. This paper reviewed the definition and development history of the bioavailability of heavy metals in sediment,introduced main evaluation methods and their applicability and comparability,outlined major factors of influencing bioavailability,and summarized the latest research progress in typical freshwater sediments from rivers,lakes and reservoirs worldwide.This study emphasized the urgent needs of integrating existing methods into a unified evaluation system for the bioavailability of heavy metals in sediments and comparative works between authoritative laboratories. Moreover,efforts should be paid on considering regional differences of different ecosystems,on incorporating the biological ligand model into studies of ecological toxicological effects of heavy metals,and on combining biological monitoring methods with in situ passive sampling techniques. Finally,since distinct characteristics of different freshwater environments,it is imperative to establish corresponding quality standards in sediments to strengthen scientific managements of the heavy metal pollution.

关 键 词：沉积物 重金属 生物有效性 污染防治 

分 类 号：X142[环境科学与工程—环境科学]