明清城隍神的等级性及其表达  

The Hierarchy of“the City Gods”in the Ming and Qing Dynasties and Their Expressions

作　　者：张传勇[1] Zhang Chuanyong

机构地区：[1]南开大学中国社会史研究中心暨历史学院,天津300350

出　　处：《南开学报（哲学社会科学版）》2020年第3期157-172,共16页Nankai Journal:Philosophy,Literature and Social Science Edition

摘　　要：等级性作为城隍神的基本属性,深刻影响到城隍庙的建置与城隍信仰的诸多方面,这在明清时期尤为突出。明清城隍神等级体系依照现世行政体系建立起来,城隍庙相应地主要建于都、省(首府)、府、州、县治。上级城隍庙通常以下级城隍神祔祀,表示上下统属关系;处于行政体系末端的州县城隍庙,则多以乡里土地神祔祀。随着行政区划的变动,相关的隍神祔祀体系亦会相应变动。“自大”观念的存在,则使得城隍能够超出应有的等级,城隍神等级体系变数增多。城隍神等级体系中,并不存在州县以下聚落城隍神的位置,但州县以下聚落城隍可以通过其他形式体现出等级性。Hierarchy was the basic attribute of the city gods(tutelary deity),and had profoundly influenced the establishment of the city temples and many aspects of the Chinese folk religion especially in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.The hierarchical system of the city gods was recognized in accordance with the administrative system in these eras.The city temples were mainly built in the capital,province,prefecture,state,and county levels corresponding to the hierarchical system.Higher-level city temples usually dominated lower-level city gods,indicating the subordinate affiliation.The rural land gods were usually subordinates of the county city god temples at the end of the administrative system.With the adjustment of administrative divisions,the related city gods’subordination systems would also change accordingly.The conception of“arrogance”made the city gods outstrip their own designated levels,increasing variables of the city god hierarchy.In the hierarchical system of city gods,there was no place for the tutelary deities under the level of the state and county.Nevertheless,their hierarchy could operate in a plethora of other ways.

关 键 词：明清时期 “自大”观念 城隍神等级性体系 州县城隍神 聚落城隍神 

分 类 号：B933[哲学宗教—宗教学] K248[历史地理—历史学]