说“差科”并论其同义竞争  

On"Chake(差科)"and Its Synonymous Competition

作　　者：华学诚[1,2] 游帅[1,2] HUA Xue-cheng;YOU Shuai(Institute of Documentary Linguistics,Beijing Language and Culture University,Beijing 100083,China;Beijing Documentary Linguistics and Culture Smriti Research Base,Beijing Language and Culture University,Beijing 100083,China)

机构地区：[1]北京语言大学文献语言学研究所,北京100083 [2]北京语言大学北京文献语言与文化传承研究基地,北京100083

出　　处：《西南交通大学学报（社会科学版）》2020年第4期11-22,共12页Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University(Social Sciences)

基　　金：2016年度国家社科基金重大项目“中国古代方言学文献集成”(16ZDA202);北京语言大学一流学科团队支持计划。

摘　　要：《汉语大词典》和《辞源》(第三版)对"差科"的释义与引例不尽一致,都存在一些问题。"差科"连文最早出现在三国时期,但未成词,意义也与后来的"差科"不同。唐初期出现"差科",指包括租庸调和杂役在内的赋税,其意义在唐中期前后两个阶段明显不同:前阶段包含徭役,后阶段则不包含徭役。"差科"至唐后期泛化,在具体语言用例中或指赋税或指徭役。这一意义一直延续到晚清,直至该词消亡。"差科"属于在线成词,后来出现的意义差别基本不是词义本身的发展,而是所指内容的变化,其消亡与制度的变革密切相关。"差科"同义词群庞大,内部关系复杂,其竞争及其结果,既有语言外部决定性的关键原因,也有语言自身影响制约的重要因素。There are some problems about the interpretation and citation of Chake(差科)both in Chinese Dictionary and in the third edition of Ciyuan.Chake(差科)'s paratactic form first appeared in the Three Kingdoms period,but it didn't become a word,and its meaning was different from the later Chake(差科).In the early period of Tang Dynasty,it referred to the taxes including rent and servitude.There were two stages in middle Tang Dynasty,and the meaning of Chake(差科)was obviously different in each stage.In the former stage,the meaning of Chake(差科)included corvee,while the latter stage did not.In late Tang Dynasty,the meaning of the word was generalized,and could mean either taxes or corvee in specific language use cases.This meaning continued until the late Qing Dynasty when the active use of the word ceased to be.Chake(差科)belongs to online word formation,the meaning difference is not a result of the development of the meaning itself,but the change of the content.The disappearance of the word Chake(差科)is closely related to the institutional change.The synonym group of Chake(差科)is huge,and its internal relationship is complex.The competition and its results are not only the decisive factors outside the language,but also the important factors that influence and restrict the language itself.

关 键 词：中古汉语 差科 赋税 徭役 训诂 词汇史 同义词群 

分 类 号：H032[语言文字—语言学]