科举存废与近代江南乡村社会流动  

The Preservation and Abolition of the Civil Service Examination and the Social Mobility of Rural Society in Modern Jiangnan

作　　者：李发根[1] Li Fagen

机构地区：[1]安徽大学历史系

出　　处：《近代史研究》2020年第4期120-137,M0004,共19页Modern Chinese History Studies

基　　金：国家社科基金重点项目“近代中国社会环境历史变迁研究”(16AZS013)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：科举制是中国历史上最重要的制度安排之一,其创设被视为推动社会流动、扩大统治基础、维系社会稳定的关键举措。因此,通常认为,科举制的废除阻断了乡村社会流动,伴随着精英阶层的城镇化,乡村文教衰败、经济衰退、社会权力异化,这是酿成20世纪前中期中国普遍乡村危机的主要原因。但在江南,由于经济文化水平与举额的失衡,肇始于明代中期士绅地主的城镇化并带动经济、文化的空间转移,以及日益扩大的城乡生活差距等因素的影响,清中期后以科举实现社会流动的士子几乎全部源自城镇。废科举解除了强加在江南的制度束缚,加之历史上和转型时期独特的区域优势,特别是工业文明的勃兴,从而有力地推进了乡村社会流动。江南也为废科举之于乡村社会影响的一般表述提供了另类叙事空间。The Civil Service Examination was one of the most important institutions in the Chinese history.It is regarded essential to promote social mobility,expand the foundation of the ruling class and maintain the social stability.Therefore,it is a common thought that the abolition of the Civil Service Examination blocked the social mobility in rural areas and it was one of the major reasons,together with the urbanization of the elite class,for the decline of culture,economy,and education in the rural society and the profound social crises in rural China in the first half of the twentieth century.However,in the Jiangnan area,because of the unbalance between the quota for degree holders of the Civil Service Examination and the level of economy and education,the gentry-landlord class had started the process of urbanization since the mid-Ming Dynasty and led to the increasingly widening of the gap between the urban and rural lives.After the mid-Qing period,degree holders almost all came from cities and towns.The abolition of the Civil Service Examination freed people in Jiangnan from the institutional yoke,so that the unique advantages for industrialization in this region in the modern transition could promote the social mobility in rural Jiangnan significantly.Thus,the Jiangnan story provides an alternative interpretation different from the general view about how the abolition of the Civil Service Examination impacted rural society.

关 键 词：小农社会 工业文明 科举制 江南 社会流动 

分 类 号：D691.3[政治法律—政治学] C912.82[政治法律—中外政治制度] K25[经济管理]