人工智能如何“无偏见”地助力刑事司法——由“证据指引”转向“证明辅助”  

How does Artificial Intelligence Benefit Criminal Justice Without Bias-from Guidance of Evidence to Assistance of Proof

作　　者：谢澍[1] Xie Shu

机构地区：[1]中国政法大学刑事司法学院,北京100088

出　　处：《法律科学（西北政法大学学报）》2020年第5期109-119,共11页Science of Law：Journal of Northwest University of Political Science and Law

基　　金：中国法学会部级研究课题(CLS(2018)Y14)“印证证明模式运作样态实证研究”。

摘　　要：在我国刑事司法领域,人工智能已高调介入,其初衷是"推进以审判为中心的诉讼制度改革",而两大具体要点则是"统一证据标准"和"防范冤假错案"。但在实践中,却面临着"简易案件不需要,复杂案件不敢用"以及"补课而非升级"的尴尬境遇,效果不如预期。在探讨所谓算法、技术之前,首先需要解决人工智能介入刑事司法的方向性问题,反思其与传统刑事诉讼的基本原则和理论教义能否兼容。否则,人类的认知偏见即可能转移给人工智能产品,进而形成"算法偏见"。确保人工智能"无偏见"地助力刑事司法,应当从形式意义上的证据指引转向实质意义上的证明辅助,实现基于证明原理的全面升级、基于证据评价的概率测算以及基于整体主义的认知监控;同时,不得动摇人类作为司法决策者的主体地位,接受来自算法的支持而非支配,避免隐藏在人工智能产品中的"认知偏见"对司法实践带来难以控制的负面效应。In the field of criminal justice in China,artificial intelligence has been high-profile intervention,its original intention is to"promote the trial-centered reform",and the two main points are"unified evidence standards"and"prevent wrongful or false cases".However,in practice,they are faced with the embarrassing situation of"simple cases do not need,complex cases dare not to use"and"make up lessons rather than upgrade",the effect is not as expected.Before discussing the so-called algorithm and technology,we first need to solve the directional problem of artificial intelligence in criminal justice and reflect on whether it is compatible with the basic principles and theoretical doctrines of traditional criminal procedure.Otherwise,people’s cognitive bias may be transferred to artificial intelligence products,which will form an"algorithm bias".In order to benefit criminal justice without bias,artificial intelligence should turn from guidance of evidence in formal sense to assistance of evidence in substantial sense,and realize comprehensive upgrade based on proof principle,probability measurement based on evidence evaluation and cognitive monitoring based on holism.At the same time,we should accept the support from the algorithm instead of domination,and human beings should not be shaken as the subject of the judicial decision makers,so as to avoid the uncontrollable negative effects of"cognitive bias"hidden in artificial intelligence products on judicial practice.

关 键 词：人工智能 大数据 算法 司法证明 认知偏见 

分 类 号：D915.3[政治法律—诉讼法学]