客观的历史认识何以可能?——亚当·沙夫《历史与真理》主要思想述评  

How Could Objective Knowledge of History be Possible——A Comment on the Crucial Thoughts of History and Truth by Adam Shaf

作　　者：许恒兵 XU Hengbing

机构地区：[1]国防大学政治学院马克思主义理论系

出　　处：《理论与现代化》2020年第5期70-78,共9页Theory and Modernization

基　　金：国家社会科学基金青年项目“苏东唯物史观的发展逻辑研究”,项目编号:13CZX014。

摘　　要：作为东欧新马克思主义的重要代表,亚当·沙夫完成的《历史与真理》集中体现了其在历史认识论领域的杰出成就。其中,沙夫紧扣客观的历史认识何以可能这个总问题,对一般认识论层面的机械反映论模式、抽象能动性模式、主客体相互作用模式以及它们在历史认识领域的观念表现形式进行了深入的剖析。沙夫认为,在历史认识中,主观因素的介入是不可避免的,但这绝不是否定历史认识之客观性的理由。他解决这一看似“悖论”的理论难题的方式就是遵循历史主义的观念,认为每个时代的历史认识都只能具有相对真理性,从而我们对历史的认识过程是一个逐渐由相对真理走向绝对真理的渐进性过程,在此过程中,历史学家坚定的自我批判精神以及团队协作精神同时发挥着不可或缺的作用。沙夫的解决方案有很大的合理性,但缺失了一个重要的环节,即任何一种历史认识视角都是建立在一定的历史观的基础之上的,而正是马克思所创立的历史唯物主义为我们提供了切入到历史现实深处的科学分析方法。Adam Shaf, one of the most significant representatives of Marxism in Eastern Europe, had earned a great deal of achievements in the field of historical epistemology. Shaf kept tracking the question: How could objective knowledge of history be possible? In this way, he was able to analyse theory models like mechanical reflection, abstract agency, interaction between subject and object, and their pattern of manifestation in historical cognition in general epistemological level. Shaf beileved that in historical cognition, it is inevitable for subjective factors to interfere. However, it is definitely not the reason to deny the objectivity of historical cognition.He tried to solve the alleged paradox by following the concept of historicism. He claimed that every era’s historical cognition has its own relative truthfulness, therefore, our knowledge of the whole history should be a gradual process from relative truth to absolute truth. In this process, historians’ great spirits of self-criticism and team work play an important role. Although Shaf’s solution has its merits, he omitted a significant part, that all historical cognition is built on the basis of corresponding views of history. Therefore, it is the historical materialism Marx left us that provides a scientific method for analysing to explore the deep truth of historical reality.

关 键 词：沙夫 历史认识论 历史主义观念 历史真理 

分 类 号：B505[哲学宗教—外国哲学]