从事汉语教学的教师需要学一点语言学理论  

Chinese Language Teachers Need to Learn a Little Linguistic Theory

作　　者：陆俭明[1] Lu Jianming

机构地区：[1]北京大学中国语言文学系/中国语言学研究中心

出　　处：《国际汉语教育（中英文）》2020年第2期3-14,共12页International Chinese Language Education

摘　　要：汉语教学所面对的学生大多是成年人,在教学上不宜像对待小学生那样,而需要让学生在学习汉语的过程中对种种汉语现象,不但要知其然,还要知其所以然。要做到这一点,汉语教师需要学习、掌握一定的语言学理论。目前语言学理论多种多样,单就语法分析理论与方法来说,多达四五十种。从汉语教学的需要来看,汉语教师最好能学习、掌握好以下三种语言学理论:一是传统的句子成分分析理论,二是美国描写语言学理论,三是认知语言学里的关联理论。本文将举大量实例分别加以说明,最后指出,我们强调汉语教师需要学习一点语言学理论,目的是希望大家能用这些语言学理论来武装自己,对汉语教学中碰到的许多问题或语言现象,能更好地想清楚,做到不但知其然,而且能知其所以然,以便在汉语教学中能对学生进行适度点拨,让学生更好地学习、掌握汉语。本文是针对汉语教学来说的,但其理念适用于所有外语教学。Since the major objects of Chinese language teaching are adults,Chinese language teachers should not instruct their students in the same way as they do with pupils.Rather,when it comes to various phenomena in the process of learning Chinese,the students should be taught not only what the phenomena are,but also why they are so.To achieve that,Chinese language teachers need to learn and acquire certain linguistic theories.Among diverse linguistic theories,there are as many as forty to fifty of them in the branch of grammatical analysis.Given the requirement of Chinese language teaching,Chinese language teachers had better learn the following three linguistic theories,namely Sentence Component Analysis (traditional linguistic theory),American Descriptive Linguistics,and Relevance Theory (cognitive linguistic theory).To clarify each of them,this paper lists a lot of cases as examples.In the conclusion,this paper points out that the purpose of stressing the importance of acquiring linguistic theories for Chinese language teachers is to help teachers arm themselves with linguistic theories,so that when they encounter various linguistic phenomena and problems in the course of teaching,they know not only what those phenomena and problems are,but also why they are so.Only in this way can they better instruct and inspire their students and help their students master Chinese.Though this paper is written for Chinese language teachers,it can be of some help for teachers of other languages as well.

关 键 词：汉语教学 语言学理论 句子成分分析法 美国描写语言学 关联理论 

分 类 号：H195[语言文字—汉语]