编码与提取时长对提取练习效应的影响  

The Effects of Encoding and Retrieval Duration on Retrieval Practice Effect

作　　者：张锦坤 张俐娟 Zhang Jinkun;Zhang Lijuan(School of Psychology,Fujian Nomial University,Fuzhou,350117;FacuIty of Psychology,Tianjin Nonnal University,Tianjin,300387)

机构地区：[1]福建师范大学心理学院,福州350117 [2]天津师范大学心理学部,天津300387

出　　处：《心理科学》2020年第4期785-792,共8页Journal of Psychological Science

基　　金：国家社科基金(CBA140144)的资助。

摘　　要：提取练习效应的研究揭示了提取在记忆保持中的重要性,新近研究表明RPE的产生是编码和提取共同作用的结果。本研究通过两个实验考察编码与提取时长对RPE的影响。实验1采用2(编码时长:3秒,10秒)×2(提取时长:8秒,13秒)的被试间设计,考察即时测试(5分钟后)条件下的RPE。实验2将最终测试的时间间隔延长至24小时。结果发现,延长编码时间有利于提高即时测试下的记忆成绩及记忆保持率,但这一优势随测试间隔延长而消失;延长提取时间在即时和延迟测试下均导致了更高的记忆成绩和记忆保持率。研究表明,编码时长对RPE的影响与测试间隔有关,提取时长是影响RPE的关键因素。Retrieval practice effect(RPE)means that compared with restudy in the same amount of time,one or more tests(retrieval practice)of a learning content can effectively help people achieve a better performance in the final memory test.The typical RPE experiment includes four events:encoding,initial testing(retrieving),distraction task and final test.In most RPE related study,items actively retrieved from memory show the higher probability of being able to recall than items with additional study,even when retrieval practices are given without feedback.Early researchers believed that additional exposure or over learning(encoding)of the testing group made them outperform the restudy conditions.Another well-documented RPE account argued that,as the process of accessing information stored in long-term memory,retrieval is a critical variable for substantive long-term retention of memory.Only fairly recently,based on several influential experimental findings,researchers proposed that RPE is a combined effect of encoding and retrieval,rather than one single encoding or retrieval effect.Clarifying how encoding/retrieval processes and their possible interactions change the level of RPE will help to make a further understanding of it.So far,although theories about RPE abound,current researches shed light on this question are sparse.The authors noticed a study conducted by Carpenter(2009)reported that although strong cues(e.g.,Toast:Bread:facilitated recall of tested items initially,items recalled from weak cues(e.g.,Basket:Bread)were retained better over time,such that this advantage was eliminated or reversed at the time of the final test.However,this reversal effect is not stably found across studies.The authors assumed that the entangled encoding and retrieval duration and their possible interaction in different researches might be the critical factors.To understand the inconsistencies in previous studies,it is necessary to clarify the changes in RPE under different encoding and retrieval duration conditions.Therefore,the pr

关 键 词：提取练习效应 编码时长 提取时长 

分 类 号：B842.3[哲学宗教—基础心理学]