从合作社转向合作联社:市场扩展下龙头企业和农户契约选择的经济逻辑——以山西省太谷县某龙头企业和土地合作社为例  

From Cooperatives to Cooperative Associations:The Economic Logic of Contract Selection Between Leading Enterprises and Farmers under Market Expansion

作　　者：邓宏图 赵燕[3] 杨芸 Deng Hongtu;Zhao Yan;Yang Yun

机构地区：[1]广州大学经济与统计学院 [2]南开大学中国特色社会主义协同创新中心 [3]南开大学经济研究所 [4]湖南财政经济学院经济学院

出　　处：《管理世界》2020年第9期111-127,M0005,M0006,共19页Journal of Management World

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大攻关项目“全面建成小康社会背景下新型城乡关系研究”(批准号:17ZDA067);亚洲开发银行(项目号:3740-PRC;批准号:CS-TA-NPMO-2019-2)的资助。

摘　　要：盈利预期驱动企业进行产业结构调整、扩张经营规模,但企业规模扩张会受到土地、劳动力、资金等要素制约。为解决土地和劳动力的供给约束,突破信贷制约,企业在规模扩张的过程中会引入合作社的缔约结构,形成企业领办合作社的混合治理机制。调查发现,一方面,当企业规模扩张到信贷约束的临界值时,企业为了在继续扩张规模时减少交易成本,即当企业达到一定规模时,可以通过治理机制和缔约结构创新来扩张企业的边界。另一方面,在农户和龙头企业共同拥有股权的合作社缔约结构中,如何确定分成比例以达到该缔约结构激励相容的效果是构建合作经济组织的关键。同时,在对山西太谷县某专业合作社的实地调研中发现,市场规模的扩张和产品种类的增加对合作社内部专业化分工要求更高,相应专业化分工的成本也在增加,而由合作社向合作联社的转化可以对冲专业化分工导致的成本增加,实现土地和劳动力配置效率的最大化。研究发现,有效实现土地与资本结合,构建合作经济组织,保护农户权益需要重构三权分置框架下新型的包容性的农户与龙头企业之间的经济关系,这也是农村集体产权制度改革的重要一环。This paper studies the contracting structure and its evolution of two economic entities, namely farmers and leading enterprises, in the process of agricultural industrialization, both theoretically and practically. When the leading enterprises expand their production scale, they are constrained by factors such as credit, labor force and land. In order to reduce the production cost and transaction cost during expanding the production scale, leading enterprises and farmers tend to choose more incentive compatibility mechanism of investment in land and labor contract,which is named"leading enterprises+farmers+cooperative". This mechanism can strengthen market bargaining power,reduce operating costs, eliminate or control the management risk and market risk and improve the profitability of the organization for economic cooperation.The cooperative in which land and labor become shareholders in this paper has the dual nature of labor-employed capital and capital-employed labor. From"leading enterprises+farmers"to"leading enterprises+farmers+cooperative"is a fundamental change in governance mechanism. Under this framework, farmers and leading enterprises share residual control rights and claim rights, which not only improves farmers’ economic status, but also satisfies leading enterprises’ expectation of seeking profits. Therefore, this is a structural transformation with the nature of Pareto improvement. Induced by the increasing market demand, cooperatives will not only expand the scale of production, but also develop more detailed internal division of labor consistent with the market demand. In order to give play to professional advantages and improve operational efficiency, cooperatives gradually split into cooperative branches that producing different kinds of seedlings. These cooperative branches coordinated with each other and they transformed into cooperative cooperatives in an integrated way.This paper found that due to the unique nature in the process of agricultural industrialization of leading enterprises

关 键 词：治理机制 工资合约股权合约 剩余控制分配权 联合社 

分 类 号：F279.27[经济管理—企业管理] F321.1[经济管理—国民经济]