中国法上无因管理制度的基本体系结构  

The Basic System Structure of Negotiorum Gestio in Chinese Civil Law

作　　者：易军[1] Yi Jun

机构地区：[1]中国政法大学民商经济法学院

出　　处：《政法论坛》2020年第5期94-107,共14页Tribune of Political Science and Law

基　　金：中国政法大学青年教师学术创新团队(编号:19CXTD01);优秀中青年教师培养支持计划(编号:DSJCXZ180304)的成果之一。

摘　　要：要较清晰地呈现无因管理制度的体系结构,宜区分"管理事务承担"与"管理事务实施",并以管理事务的承担是否符合受益人意思的标准,将无因管理区分为"适法无因管理"与"不适法无因管理"。与适法无因管理一样,不适法无因管理亦可成立法定债之关系,不适法无因管理人亦应如适法无因管理人那样承担采取有利于受益人方法、通知受益人、等待受益人指示等义务。适法无因管理与不适法无因管理在求偿权范围、求偿权发生方式、阻却侵权行为违法性、阻却不当得利构成等方面存在基本差异。在无因管理人的责任标准上,应使适法无因管理人承担抽象轻过失责任,而不应使其仅承担故意或重大过失责任;不适法无因管理人则应承担无过错责任。相较于一般无因管理,域外法往往对紧急无因管理作出优遇管理人的制度设计,《民法典》第184条有关自愿实施紧急救助行为的规则宜纳入我国无因管理制度体系。此际,不仅应使紧急管理人对其故意或重大过失致受助人(受益人)损害承担赔偿责任,而且应注意该条与《民法典》无因管理章诸法条之间的体系关系问题。In order to clearly present the system structure of negotiorum gestio, it is advisable to distinguish the undertaking of management affairs from the implementation of management affairs, and divide negotiorum gestio into two types, legal negotiorum gestio and illegal negotiorum gestio, according to whether the undertaking of management affairs conforms to the intention of the beneficiary. The same as legal negotiorum gestio, illegal negotiorum gestio can also establish the relationship of legal obligation. The illegal negotiorum gestor should also undertake the obligations of taking the method in favor of the beneficiary, notifying the beneficiary and waiting for the beneficiary’s instructions, etc. as the legal negotiorum gestor does. There are basic differences between legal negotiorum gestio and illegal negotiorum gestio in the scope of claims, the way in which claims occur, holding back from illegality of tort and obstructing the constitution of unjust enrichment. In terms of the standard of the liability of the negotiorum gestor, the legal negotiorum gestor should bear the abstract liability for light negligence, but should not only assume the liability for intentional or gross negligence;the illegal negotiorum gestor shall bear the liability without fault. Compared with the general negotiorum gestio, there are system of favorable reception for the manager for emergency negotiorum gestio in foreign civil codes. Article 184 of the Chinese Civil Code, concerning voluntary emergency rescue, should be incorporated into negotiorum gestio system. In the meantime, not only should the emergency negotiorum gestor bear the liability for compensation for the damage caused to the beneficiaries by his intentional or gross negligence, but also pay attention to the systematic relationship between this article and the articles in negotiorum gestio chapter of the Civil Code.

关 键 词：无因管理 体系架构 适法无因管理 不适法无因管理 紧急无因管理 

分 类 号：D923[政治法律—民商法学]