农村宅基地权利制度的演进逻辑与未来走向  

Rural Homestead Right System: Evolution Logics and Future Direction

作　　者：刘国栋 蔡立东[2] LIU Guodong;CAI Lidong

机构地区：[1]吉林大学马克思主义学院,吉林长春130012 [2]吉林大学法学院,吉林长春130012

出　　处：《南京农业大学学报（社会科学版）》2020年第6期115-124,共10页Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University(Social Sciences Edition)

基　　金：吉林省科技发展计划项目“吉林省农村土地管理和经营体制创新研究”(20160418003FG);司法部2019年度国家法治与法学理论研究项目“农村宅基地‘三权’分置研究”(19SFB2038)。

摘　　要：七十年来,宅基地权利制度五次变迁的演进逻辑为从国家权力驱动转向主体权利行使。正在开展的宅基地“三权”分置就是基于对土地利用效率的考量,以权利行使机制为载体的制度安排,其法律构造为“宅基地所有权—宅基地使用权(农户资格权)—次级用益物权”。宅基地“三权”分置政策中的资格权和使用权对应的是宅基地使用权以及派生于其上的次级使用权。坚持农村土地集体所有,将宅基地使用权分置为资格权和次级使用权,在资格权继续维系宅基地社会保障功能的前提下,借由次级使用权的“适度放活”,彰显宅基地的财产价值,实现宅基地资源的市场化配置。农村宅基地权利制度的未来立法应重构宅基地使用权制度,将次级使用权定名为“宅基地经营权”,并进一步明确其“得丧变更”规则。In the past 70 years,the evolution logic of the five changes of homestead right system is from“state power driven”to“exercise of the rights of legal subjects”.The“separation of the three rights concerning homestead”is a system arrangement based on the consideration of land use efficiency and the mechanism of right exercise.Its legal structure is“homestead ownership-homestead usufruct right(farmer qualification right)-secondary usufruct right”.The law shall adhere to the collective ownership of rural land but divide the right to use the homestead into qualification right and usufruct right.On the premise that the qualification right continues to maintain the social security function of the homestead,the property value of the homestead will be demonstrated and the market-oriented allocation of the homestead resources will be realized through the“moderate relaxation”of the usufruct right.The Chapter of Real Right of Civil Code should reconstruct the system of the usufruct right to house base,name the secondary usufruct right to house base as“the right to manage the house base”,and perfect the rules of“obtain,lost and change”.

关 键 词：宅基地权利制度 “两权”分离 “三权”分置 宅基地使用权 次级使用权 

分 类 号：D912.3[政治法律—法学]